Complex associations between multidimensional land use mix and walking: Walk more or farther?

Abstract

Land Use Mix (LUM) has attracted attention for its potential to promote walking; however, the LUM-walking association was not universally positive. Existing research, potentially confounded by diverse LUM connotations and walking metrics, prompted our effort to establish a comprehensive framework. This framework aims to clarify LUM’s influence on walking, including various LUM indicators (mix in quantity, distance, function), multiple walking indicators (frequency, time, distance), distinct geographical background (residence, workplace), and travel types (weekly travel, weekday-exclusive travel). Besides, China’s unique context provide an opportunity to mitigate residential self-selection effects. We found that the proximity (LUM in distance) is the sole environmental factor driving increased walking frequency. While the LUM in quantity or function could enhance resident convenience by diversifying services, it occasionally diminishes walking distance and duration, potentially conflicting with public health considerations. Conversely, although exposure to high-functional mixed, low-compatibility environments may increase walking time and distance, it is more likely a compensatory behavior aimed at avoiding the negative externalities such as pollution and noises. Additionally, the placement of public transit stops will not only help ease traffic congestion but also encourage walking.