Complete traumatic laryngotracheal disruption—A case report and review

Management and Outcomes of Laryngeal Injuries in the Pediatric Population

“…Adult data do not allow for the extrapolation of treatment algorithms for management of laryngeal injury in pediatric patients. [3][4][5] Management of pediatric laryngeal trauma patients is therefore highly variable between institutions, and differences in management decisions exist among treating physicians. As a result, attempts have been made to retrospectively analyze case series from large pediatric institutions, in an effort to enhance both the identification and management of these rare events.…”

Translating tissue-engineered tracheal replacement from bench to bedside

“…Rings of cartilage varying in length, location, and severity [77,78] Tracheomalacia Trachea is floppy due to weakness of the tracheal walls [79] Vascular anomalies Abnormally formed blood vessels leading to tracheo-esophageal compression [80] Tracheoesophageal fistulas Abnormal connection (fistula) between the esophagus and the trachea [81] Tracheal cysts Evaginations of embryologic tracheal buds [82] Trachiectasis Abnormal tracheal bifurcation above the level of the carina [83] Laryngotrachesophageal cleft Defect of the posterior larynx and trachea and the anterior wall of the esophagus [84] Cancer Adeno cystic lung carcinoma Primary malignant tumor, non-small cell lung cancer usually begins in the periphery of the lungs [85] Squamous cell lung carcinoma Primary malignant tumor, usually starts in the bronchial tubes in the central part of the lungs [86] Infection Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis [87] Lemierre's syndrome Nasopharyngitis due to Fusobacterium necrophorum [88] Deep cervical space infections Mixed infections caused by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria [89] Croup Acute viral respiratory illness [90] Bacterial Clinical problem caused by regional ischemic necrosis of the airway [93] Post-tracheotomy Stenosis following tracheostomy [94] Trauma Facial trauma Vehicle accidents [95] Laryngotracheal, inhalation injuries, endotracheal tube Injuries due to thermal and chemical substance and postextubation [96] Foreign-body aspiration Penetration syndrome Foreign bodies migrate through trachea and lodge in bronchi, e.g., food products [97] Autoimmune and associated diseases Wegener's granulomatosis Antineutrophilcytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis [98] Sarcoidosis Granulomatous infiltration and obstruction of the upper airways [99] Pulmonary amyloidosis Proteinaceous deposits on tracheal walls [100] Relapsing polychondritis Recurrent episodes of inflammation of cartilaginous tissues [101] Tracheopathiaosteoplastica Benign cartilaginous and osseous metaplasia of tracheobronchial tree [102] [107] many attempts at tracheal replacement that seems to offer any real promise. Regenerative medicine, an emerging novel approach in modern medicine, is based on the ''re-growing'' of living tissue in the labor...…”

Operative Management of Vocal Fold Avulsion Following Pediatric Laryngotracheal Separation

“…Acute airway compromise presents the most obvious and urgent complication of laryngeal trauma; however, disruption of the dynamic elements of the larynx such as the vocal fold and arytenoid complex may also have drastic long-term consequences. [1][2][3] In the pediatric population, treatment algorithms are often loosely extrapolated from the adult population and focus primarily on maintaining airway patency and less frequently on longterm voice and swallowing function. 1,4,5 Although arytenoid and/or vocal fold avulsion are often not life-threatening in isolation, external blunt force trauma is also not likely to produce these injuries in the absence of severe disruption of the laryngeal skeleton.…”

“…Acute airway compromise presents the most obvious and urgent complication of laryngeal trauma; however, disruption of the dynamic elements of the larynx such as the vocal fold and arytenoid complex may also have drastic long-term consequences. 1 -3…”