Complete structure of A/duck/Ukraine/63 influenza hemagglutinin gene: Animal virus as progenitor of human H3 Hong Kong 1968 influenza hemagglutinin

Amino Acid Sequences of Haemagglutinins of Influenza Viruses of the H3 Subtype Isolated from Horses

“…Clearly, the haemagglutinins of A/duck/Ukraine/63 and X-31 are the most closely related. Only 15 amino acid differences were detected in their HA1 components and four in HAE, which confirms the results of Fang et al (1981). These numbers compare with 41 and 10 differences between the corresponding regions of the haemagglutinins of A/equine/ Miami/63 and X-31.…”

“…The primers used to sequence X-31 and A/duck/Ukraine/63 RNA were complementary to nucleotides 5 to 15, 191 to 202, 327 to 336, 519 to 529, 623 to 632, 777 to 786, 1026 to 1035, 1134 to 1144, 1330 lO 20 30 40 50 MKTIIALSYIFCLALGQDLPGNDNSTATLCLGHHAVPNGTLVKTITDDQIEVTNATELVQSSSTGK TTI ILLT-H ADSQN TGG N A T T I ILLT-H VDSQN TSG N A T I V L TF I X3I E/M E/F D/U 60 70 80 90 I00 llO ICNNPHRILDGIDCTLIDALLGDPHCDVFQNETWDLFVERSKAFSNCYPYDVPDYASLRSLVASS YSG RN M N Y N I S YSG RN M Y N I S I I Fang et al, 1981) and were used as control sequences in the experiments reported here. Only two differences were observed from the published X-31 sequence: C instead of G at nucleotide 1460 which leads to the substitution of an aspartic for a glutamic acid and G instead of T at 1529 which is redundant.…”

“…polypeptides for all four haemagglutinins are 328 and 221 residues long respectively and are separated by single arginine residues. Laver & Webster (1973) and Fang et al (1981), together with the sequences of the haemagglutinins of the two viruses from horses. Clearly, the haemagglutinins of A/duck/Ukraine/63 and X-31 are the most closely related.…”

Soluble recombinant influenza vaccines

“…These results con¢rmed, at the genetic level, previous data obtained by partial amino-acid determination and by serology. Furthermore, we found that the nucleotide sequence of the human in£uenza A/Aichi/68 haemagglutinin gene closely resembled the corresponding gene sequence derived from A/duck/Ukraine/63 (Fang et al 1981). As the former corresponded to an early isolate of the 1968 H3N2 pandemic, these results provided almost proof that a`shift' phenomenon is due to the introduction of a gene derived from the animal reservoir in a human virus strain.…”

The Overall Evolution of the H7 Influenza Virus Haemagglutinins is Different from the Evolution of the Proteolytic Cleavage Site

“…Comprehensive information on structural changes in the HA genes of influenza viruses resulting in changes in antigenicity and in biological behaviour depended on the recent determination of complete amino acid sequences, in most cases obtained by recombinant DNA techniques (Porter et al, 1979;Ward & Dopheide, 1980;Sleigh et al, 1980;Gething et al, 1980;Min Jou et al, 1980;Hiti et al, 1981;Fang et al, 1981). These sequences have revealed that the HA of the pathogenic avian fowl plague virus, strain Rostock, is unique among the HAs investigated in containing several basic amino acids at the proteolytic cleavage site, whereas all the other HAs have a single tryptic cleavage site Arg-Gly.…”