Complete phylogeny and historical biogeography of true rosefinches (Aves:Carpodacus)

Abstract

True rosefinches (Aves: Carpodacus) are restricted to Eurasia, and 19 out of 25 species occur in the Sino‐Himalayas, making this the likely centre of origin. To test this hypothesis, suggested species splits had to be evaluated and potential further cryptic diversity unravelled. A taxon‐complete dated molecular phylogeny was reconstructed using maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian methods. Maximum‐parsimony and likelihood approaches were applied to deduce ancestral areas. Rosefinches, including the widespread Carpodacus erythrinus (Pallas, 1770), originated in south‐west China (and the Himalayas) 14 Mya, and gave rise to a smaller clade consisting of C. erythrinus, Haematospiza sipahi (Hodgson, 1836), and Chaunoproctus ferreorostris (Vigors, 1829), and a larger clade with 22 species. The latter split into four major lineages through vicariance during the uplift of the Himalayas. The suggested species splits of dubius from Carpodacus thura Bonaparte & Schlegel, 1850, formosanus from Carpodacus vinaceus Verreaux, 1871, grandis from Carpodacus rhodochlamys Brandt, 1843, verreauxii from Carpodacus rodopeplus (Vigors, 1831) (even polyphyletic) could be supported, whereas the suggested split of severtzovi from Carpodacus rubicilla (Güldenstädt, 1775) appears to be too young, and should be considered intraspecific. On the other hand, the central Asian lineage of Carpodacus synoicus Temminck, 1825 deserves species rank [Carpodacus stolickae (Hume, 1874)]. The Carpodacus eos/pulcherrimus complex consists of four lineages, pulcherrimus/argyrophrys and davidianus [Carpodacus pulcherrimus s.s. (Moore, 1856)], and eos and waltoni [Carpodacus waltoni (Sharpe, 1905)]. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London

Evolutionary history of passerine birds (Aves: Passeriformes) from the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau: from a pre-Quarternary perspective to an integrative biodiversity assessment

“…The Weigoldian Tibetan origin hypothesis received recent support from phylogeographies of forest-dwelling ground beetles of the Himalayas (Schmidt et al 2012) and recently became famous as the ''Out of Tibet'' hypothesis based on fossil evidence from the Pliocene cold-adapted mammal fauna of the Zanda Basin of southwestern Tibet (Deng et al 2011;Tseng et al 2013;Wang et al 2014). So the high elevations of Tibet including the QTP margins might also turn out as a cradle of origin for some groups of the extant passerine fauna (Tietze et al 2013;Lei et al 2014). In fact, there is firm evidence that, during that period of the QTP uplift, vast parts of the plateau region had already reached altitudes comparable to those of today (Mulch and Chamberlain 2006;Favre et al 2014: fig.…”

“…The Tibetan Ground Tit (Pseudopodoces humilis, Paridae) had been wrongly placed in the Corvidae (James et al 2003;Johansson et al 2013). The Tibetan Rosefinch Carpodacus roborowskii had long been in a monotypic genus of its own (Kozlowia) and considered a close relative of the alpine and arctic Leucosticte mountain finches or of Montifringilla snowfinches (Clement 1999); however, this species was recently shown to be firmly nested in the ''true rosefinches'' of genus Carpodacus (Zuccon et al 2012;Tietze et al 2013 ; Fig. 3).…”

Phylogeny and evolution of the European Goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) and its allies – a review of the “bird of the year”

“…The lack of biogeographical analyses (except the genus Carpodacus, Tietze et al 2013) are conspicuous and only a few studies tried to form hypotheses on the spatial origin of cardueline finches (Arnaiz-Villena et al 1998, 2001. Therefore, a well-designed biogeographic analysis is also badly needed (e.g.…”

“…The rosefinch (Carpodacus) genus have a similarly complicated history. It appears to be paraphyletic (Arnaiz-Villena et al 2001, Nguembock et al 2009, but see also Zuccon et al 2012, Tietze et al 2013 including also Sillem's Mountain Finch (Leucosticte sillemi) that was previously considered as a morph of Brandt's Mountain Finch Leucosticte brandti (Sangster et al 2016). The grosbeaks (Pinicola) and bullfinches (Pyrrhula) constitute the only two genera that are clearly considered to be monophyletic, independently from what gene sources and methods applied, their species clustered together in all of the studies that contained both genera (Arnaiz-Villena et al 2001, 2007, Zuccon et al 2012, Huang et al 2016, Sangster et al 2016.…”

“…Quite a few researches examined cardueline phylogeny analysing sequences of more than one genes (e.g. Nguembock et al 2009, Zuccon et al 2012, Tietze et al 2013. The most remarkable phenomenon is the amount of well-supported nodes in single-gene versus multiple-gene phylogenies.…”