Complete nucleotide sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome X.

Galibert, Francis; Alexandraki, Despina; Baur, Axel; Boles, Eckhard; Chalwatzis, N.; Chuat, Jean‐Claude; Coster, Françoise; Cziepluch, Celina; Haan, M. de; Domdey, Horst; Durand, Patrick; Entian, K.-D.; Gatius, M.; Goffeau, André; Grivell, L.A.; Hennemann, Andreas; Herbert, Christopher J.; Heumann, Klaus G.; Hilger, François; Hollenberg, C. P.; Huang, Meng‐Er; Jacq, Claude; Jauniaux, J. C.; Katsoulou, Christina; Karpfinger-Hartl, L

doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00557.x

Cited by 83 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…This may be due to the limitations of available methods for recovering subtle functions and to functional redundancy with other genes. The extensive gene duplication within the S. cerevisiae genome revealed by the systematic sequencing confirms the second notion (Feldmann et al, 1994;Galibert et al, 1996). In the case of the three non-essential genes reported here, which have no duplicate in the rest of the genome, viable haploid segregants bearing the deletion mutations were tested for growth characteristics, heat sensitivity, cold sensitivity, ability to mate, and sporulation frequencies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Disruption of Six Novel Yeast Genes Reveals Three Genes Essential for Vegetative Growth and One Required for Growth at Low Temperature

Huang¹,

Cadieu²,

Souciet³

et al. 1997

Yeast

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We describe here the construction of six deletion mutants and their basic phenotypic analysis. Six open reading frames (ORFs) from chromosome X, YJR039w, YJR041c, YJR043c, YJR046w, YJR053w and YJR065c, were disrupted by deletion cassettes with long (LFH) or short (SFH) flanking regions homologous to the target locus. The LFH deletion cassette was made by introducing into the kanMX4 marker module two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragments several hundred base pairs (bp) in size homologous to the promoter and terminator regions of a given ORF. The SFH gene disruption construct was obtained by PCR amplification of the kanMX4 marker with primers providing homology to the target gene. The region of homology to mediate homologous recombination was about 70 bp. Sporulation and tetrad analysis revealed that ORFs YJR041c, YJR046w and YJR065c are essential genes. Complementation tests by corresponding cognate gene clones confirmed this observation. The non-growing haploid segregants were observed under the microscope. The yjr041c haploid cells gave rise to microcolonies comprising about 20 to 50 cells. Most yjr046w cells were blocked after one or two cell cycles with heterogeneous bud sizes. The yjr065c cells displayed an unbudded spore or were arrested before completion of the first cell division cycle with a bud of variable size. The deduced protein of ORF YJR065c, that we named Act4, belongs to the Arp3 family of actin-related proteins. Three other ORFs, YJR039w, YJR043c and YJR053w are non-essential genes. The yjr043c cells hardly grew at 15 C, indicating that this gene is required for growth at low temperature. Complementation tests confirmed that the disruption of YJR043c is responsible for this growth defect. In addition, the mating efficiency of yjr043c and yjr053w cells appear to be moderately affected.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Disruption of Six Novel Yeast Genes Reveals Three Genes Essential for Vegetative Growth and One Required for Growth at Low Temperature

Huang¹,

Cadieu²,

Souciet³

et al. 1997

Yeast

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“…In vertebrates, initiation at non-AUG sites of some mRNAs can also be stimulated in the presence of specific nucleotides located downstream of the initiation codon, preferentially G at þ4, A or C at þ5 and U at þ6 (Grü nert and Jackson, 1994). Interestingly, this experimentally derived optimal downstream sequence is similar although not identical to the statistically derived preferential use of downstream nucleotides between positions þ4 and þ6 (GCU) of yeast and plant mRNAs (Galibert et al, 1996;Koziel et al, 1996).…”

Section: 'Consensus Sequences' That Influence the Selection Of Initiamentioning

confidence: 83%

“…GCU) found in yeast and plant mRNAs ( Fig. 2B; Galibert et al, 1996;Koziel et al, 1996) may help to correctly position a potential initiation codon in the decoding centre. Interestingly, the core region of the 18S rRNA decoding centre is nearly identical to the sequences in and around the anticodon loop of initiator tRNA (Fig.…”

Section: Internal Ribosome Entry: An Alternative Mechanism For Selectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional importance of RNA interactions in selection of translation initiation codons

Sprengart

Porter

1997

Molecular Microbiology

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SummaryRNA base pairing between the initiation codon and anticodon loop of initiator tRNA is essential but not sufficient for the selection of the 'correct' mRNA translational start site by ribosomes. In prokaryotes, additional RNA interactions between small ribosomal subunit RNA and mRNA sequences just upstream of the start codon can efficiently direct the ribosome to the initiation site. Although there is presently no proof for a similar important ribosomal RNA interaction in eukaryotes, the 5Ј non-coding regions of their mRNAs and 'consensus sequences' surrounding initiation codons have been shown to be strong determinants for initiation-site selection, but the exact mechanisms are not yet understood. Intramolecular base pairing in mRNA and participation of translation initiation factors can strongly influence the formation of mRNA-small ribosomal subunit-initiator tRNA complexes and modulate translational activities in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Only recently has it been appreciated that alternative mechanisms may also contribute to the selection of initiation codons in all organisms. Although direct proof is currently lacking, there is accumulating evidence that additional cis-acting mRNA elements and trans-acting proteins may form specific 'bridging' interactions with ribosomes during translation initiation.

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“…3). Sequence analysis of the inserts of these two plasmids indicated that they were overlapping genomic fragments from yeast chromosome X (11) and that each contained two ORFs of unknown function, YJL055W and YJL056C. A 4-bp frameshift mutation introduced into the BssHII site of YJL056C eliminated both the His ϩ and uptake phenotypes, whereas a similar mutation introduced into the MluI site of YJL055W had no effect.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zap1p, a Metalloregulatory Protein Involved in Zinc-Responsive Transcriptional Regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Zhao

Eide

1997

Molecular and Cellular Biology

251

260

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Zinc ion homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is controlled primarily through the transcriptional regulation of zinc uptake systems in response to intracellular zinc levels. A high-affinity uptake system is encoded by the ZRT1 gene, and its expression is induced more than 30-fold in zinc-limited cells. A low-affinity transporter is encoded by the ZRT2 gene, and this system is also regulated by zinc. We used a genetic approach to isolate mutants whose ZRT1 expression is no longer repressed in zinc-replete cells, and a new gene, ZAP1, was identified. ZAP1 encodes a 93-kDa protein with sequence similarity to transcriptional activators; the C-terminal 174 amino acids contains five C 2 H 2 zinc finger domains, and the N terminus (residues 1 to 706) has two potential acidic activation domains. The N-terminal region also contains 12% histidine and cysteine residues. The mutant allele isolated, ZAP1-1 up , is semidominant and caused high-level expression of ZRT1 and ZRT2 in both zinc-limited and zinc-replete cells. This phenotype is the result of a mutation that substitutes a serine for a cysteine residue in the N-terminal region. A zap1 deletion mutant grew well on zinc-replete media but poorly on zinc-limiting media. This mutant had low-level ZRT1 and ZRT2 expression in zinc-limited as well as zinc-replete cells. These data indicate that Zap1p plays a central role in zinc ion homeostasis by regulating transcription of the zinc uptake system genes in response to zinc. Finally, we present evidence that Zap1p regulates transcription of its own promoter in response to zinc through a positive autoregulatory mechanism.Zinc is essential for all organisms. This metal is a catalytic component of over 300 enzymes, including alcohol dehydrogenase, carbonic anhydrase, and carboxypeptidases (33). Zinc also plays a structural role in many proteins. For example, several motifs found in transcriptional regulatory proteins are stabilized by zinc, including the zinc finger, zinc cluster, and RING finger domains (28). Proteins containing these domains are very common; as many as 1% of all human gene products contain the C 2 H 2 zinc finger motif first identified in transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA) (18).Although it is essential for many different cellular functions, zinc can also be toxic. When the intracellular zinc level rises to some critical level, the metal can interfere with vital processes, perhaps by competing with other metal ions for enzyme active sites, transporter proteins, and other biologically important ligands. The delicate balance of intracellular zinc is accomplished through precise homeostatic regulation mediated by a number of mechanisms. These include binding of the metal by cytoplasmic macromolecules such as metallothioneins (14) and phytochelatins (27), zinc storage in intracellular compartments (3,20,25), and transport of the metal out of the cell (26).The primary control point for zinc ion homeostasis is the regulation of zinc uptake across the plasma membrane. Little is known about the mechanism and regulat...

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Complete nucleotide sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome X.

Cited by 83 publications

References 46 publications

Disruption of Six Novel Yeast Genes Reveals Three Genes Essential for Vegetative Growth and One Required for Growth at Low Temperature

Disruption of Six Novel Yeast Genes Reveals Three Genes Essential for Vegetative Growth and One Required for Growth at Low Temperature

Functional importance of RNA interactions in selection of translation initiation codons

Zap1p, a Metalloregulatory Protein Involved in Zinc-Responsive Transcriptional Regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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