Complete nucleotide sequence and transcriptional analysis of snakehead fish retrovirus

Hart, D; Frerichs, G.; Rambaut, Andrew; Onions, David

doi:10.1128/jvi.70.6.3606-3616.1996

Cited by 38 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Perch hyperplasia virus is basically indistinguishable from WEHV (37) and is therefore not included in the present study. The SnRV genomic organization, tRNA primer, sequence homology, and transcriptional profile are unique and has prevented this virus from being decisively placed into any retroviral family (16). SSSV is associated with leiomyosarcomas in the swim bladders of Atlantic salmon, and it is not present in healthy genomes, suggesting that it has only recently begun infecting Atlantic salmon.…”

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confidence: 99%

Evolution of Teleost Fish Retroviruses: Characterization of New Retroviruses with Cellular Genes

Basta¹,

Cleveland²,

Clinton³

et al. 2009

J Virol

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The interactions between retroviruses and their hosts can be of a beneficial or detrimental nature. Some endogenous retroviruses are involved in development, while others cause disease. The Genome Parsing Suite (GPS) is a software tool to track and trace all Retroid agents in any sequenced genome (M. A. McClure et al., Genomics 85:512-523, 2005). Using the GPS, the retroviral content was assessed in four model teleost fish. Eleven new species of fish retroviruses are identified and characterized. The reverse transcriptase protein sequences were used to reconstruct a fish retrovirus phylogeny, thereby, significantly expanding the epsilonretrovirus family. Most of these novel retroviruses encode additional genes, some of which are homologous to cellular genes that would confer viral advantage. Although the fish divergence is much more ancient, retroviruses began infecting fish genomes approximately 4 million years ago.All genetic entities that encode the reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme are referred to as retroids (22). The formal retroid classification includes endogenous and exogenous retroviruses, as well as pararetroviruses (large DNA viruses), retrotransposons with long terminal repeats (LTRs), retroposons that lack LTRs, retroplasmids, retrointrons, and retrons (20,21,43,44). This classification is based on the phylogeny of the RT protein sequence, the slowest evolving of the retroid gene components (30). In a global analysis of the retroid content of the genomes of the teleost fish Danio rerio (zebrafish), Oryzias latipes (medaka), Gasterosteus aculeatus (stickleback), and Tetraodon nigroviridis (green spotted pufferfish), we identified several new retroviruses (7). Here, we expand those studies, report the genomic details of 11 new fish retroviral species, and provide a reconstruction of the evolutionary history of sequenced fish retroviruses.In general, retroviruses are classified as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-, and epsilonretroviruses, lentiviruses, and spumaviruses. The current characterization of known exogenous and endogenous fish retroviruses places them in the epsilon family (http: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/) or between this group and the gammaretroviruses (36). To date, only three members of the epsilon family have been conclusively identified, i.e., walleye dermal sarcoma virus (WDSV) and the walleye epidermal hyperplasia viruses 1 and 2 (WEHV1 and WEHV2), and tentative members include perch hyperplasia virus and snakehead fish retrovirus (SnRV), (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/). Other fish retroviruses include the Atlantic salmon swim bladder sarcoma virus (SSSV) and zebrafish endogenous retrovirus (ZFERV) from D. rerio; both appear to fall between the gamma and epsilon families (36). Studied in less detail is the ERV_Tet species in T. nigroviridis (15), and the retrovirusstickleback (RV-stickleback), RV-brook trout, RV-freshwater houting, and RV-pufferfish retroviruses only identified by using PCR (17).WDSV is associated with the development of seasonal tumors in walleye and, along w...

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confidence: 99%

Evolution of Teleost Fish Retroviruses: Characterization of New Retroviruses with Cellular Genes

Basta¹,

Cleveland²,

Clinton³

et al. 2009

J Virol

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“…Presence of persistent viral infections in the cell lines developed from some of the EUS susceptible tropical fishes also point to the possible role of viruses in the induction of EUS. Although the retrovirus isolated from the SSN1 cells differed from human and other vertebrate retroviruses [26], what role such viral persistence would play in the development of EUS is not clear. Incidences of EUS have been on a decline in the last few years and role of viruses was not heavily pursued.…”

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confidence: 99%

Viruses Associated with Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome: An Update

John

George

2012

Indian J. Virol.

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Epizootic ulcerative syndrome is one of the most serious infections noticed in the finfish of Asia-Pacific during the last three decades. Different viral agents and a consistent fungus were isolated from the EUS infected fishes from various countries. Rhabdoviruses are by far the most isolated group of viruses followed by birnaviruses. One reovirus and a ranavirus have also been isolated from ulcerated fishes of which the ranavirus was capable of reproducing the clinical signs of the disease. Albeit heterogenic, due to frequent isolation, range of areas from which isolates have been obtained and ability to induce dermal lesions in experimental infectivity studies make rhabdoviruses one of the likely primary aetiological agents that could be triggering the initiation to EUS. However, further investigations may be required to fully establish the role of these viral agents in the induction of EUS. Viruses observed as persistent infections in fishes evidenced by their presence in cell cultures also require further investigation for their likely role in predisposing the fishes to EUS.

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“…The family Retroviridae consists of seven genera of avian and mammalian viruses that are grouped by common morphology, genomic structure, and host range (14). Two piscine retroviruses that are not congruous with the classification of these genera have been cloned and analyzed: walleye dermal sarcoma virus (WDSV) and snakehead fish retrovirus (SnRV) (20,22), both of which are complex viruses that have type C morphology (18,37). WDSV is etiologically associated with a nodular skin lesion, walleye dermal sarcoma (WDS) (36,52), whereas the pathogenicity of SnRV is unknown (20).…”

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Sequence and Transcriptional Analyses of the Fish Retroviruses Walleye Epidermal Hyperplasia Virus Types 1 and 2: Evidence for a Gene Duplication

LaPierre

Holzschu

Bowser

et al. 1999

J Virol

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Walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus types 1 and 2 (WEHV1 and WEHV2, respectively) are associated with a hyperproliferative skin lesion on walleyes that appears and regresses seasonally. We have determined the complete nucleotide sequences and transcriptional profiles of these viruses. WEHV1 and WEHV2 are large, complex retroviruses of 12,999 and 13,125 kb in length, respectively, that are closely related to one another and to walleye dermal sarcoma virus (WDSV). These walleye retroviruses contain three open reading frames, orfA,orfB, and orfC, in addition togag, pol, and env. orfA andorfB are adjacent to one another and located downstream of env. The OrfA proteins were previously identified as cyclin D homologs that may contribute to the induction of cell proliferation leading to epidermal hyperplasia and dermal sarcoma. The sequence analysis of WEHV1 and WEHV2 revealed that the OrfB proteins are distantly related to the OrfA proteins, suggesting thatorfB arose by gene duplication. Presuming that the precursor of orfA and orfB was derived from a cellular cyclin, these genes are the first accessory genes of complex retroviruses that can be traced to a cellular origin. WEHV1, WEHV2, and WDSV are the only retroviruses that have an open reading frame,orfC, of considerable size (ca. 130 amino acids) in the leader region preceding gag. While we were unable to predict a function for the OrfC proteins, they are more conserved than OrfA and OrfB, suggesting that they may be biologically important to the viruses. The transcriptional profiles of WEHV1 and WEHV2 were also similar to that of WDSV; Northern blot analyses detected only low levels of the orfA transcripts in developing lesions, whereas abundant levels of genomic, env, orfA, and orfB transcripts were detected in regressing lesions. The splice donors and acceptors of individual transcripts were identified by reverse transcriptase PCR. The similarities of WEHV1, WEHV2, and WDSV suggest that these viruses use similar strategies of viral replication and induce cell proliferation by a similar mechanism.

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Complete nucleotide sequence and transcriptional analysis of snakehead fish retrovirus

Cited by 38 publications

References 66 publications

Evolution of Teleost Fish Retroviruses: Characterization of New Retroviruses with Cellular Genes

Evolution of Teleost Fish Retroviruses: Characterization of New Retroviruses with Cellular Genes

Viruses Associated with Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome: An Update

Sequence and Transcriptional Analyses of the Fish Retroviruses Walleye Epidermal Hyperplasia Virus Types 1 and 2: Evidence for a Gene Duplication

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