“…In addition, the genus Francisella includes Francisella -like endosymbionts (FLE) of ticks and ciliates (i.e., F. persica , F. endociliophora , and F. adeliensis ) [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Related ‘environmental’ taxa, including F. salina , F. salimarina , F. uliginis , F. frigiditurris , Allofrancisella spp., and Pseudofrancisella aestuarii [ 1 , 2 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ], have been isolated or sequenced directly from samples of brackish water, sea water, water from air conditioning systems, cooling towers, and/or other environmental sources, including natural warm springs or ice machines, suggesting that Francisellaceae inhabit a wide diversity of ecological niches. This group includes both opportunistic pathogens and non-pathogenic species that may become aerosolized from air-cooling systems and also be captured on air filters [ 1 , 31 , 32 ].…”