Complete Genome Sequence of SARS-CoV-2 in a Tiger from a U.S. Zoological Collection

Wang, Leyi; Mitchell, Patrick K.; Calle, Paul P.; Bartlett, Susan L.; McAloose, Denise; Killian, Mary Lea; Yuan, Fuh-Gwo; Fang, Ying; Goodman, Laura B.; Fredrickson, Richard; Elvinger, François; Terio, Karen A.; Franzen, Kerrie; Stuber, Tod; Diel, Diego G.; Torchetti, Mia Kim

doi:10.1128/mra.00468-20

Cited by 79 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…For example, restricting contact and access to at-risk species in marine parks could help protect captive marine mammals. Such an approach has been suggested to protect other susceptible species including lions and tigers, following the reverse zoonotic infection of a tiger with SARS-CoV-2 at the Bronx Zoo in New York ( Wang et al, 2020b ). Similarly, non-human primate Old world apes and monkeys are also predicted to be highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and these findings have led to improved measures for protecting these primates at zoos ( Melin et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus from humans to other vulnerable species in proximity to humans has already been observed. In a New York Public zoo, a critically endangered tiger and several other animals (including lions) were infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus ( Wang et al, 2020b ). When the perpetrator virus was sequenced from a sick Malayan tiger, it was revealed that it was two strains of human origin (i.e, two separate human-feline transmission events) that had infected these feline species ( McAloose et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pandemic danger to the deep: The risk of marine mammals contracting SARS-CoV-2 from wastewater

Mathavarajah

Stoddart

Gagnon

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

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We are in unprecedented times with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has impacted public health, the economy and our society on a global scale. In addition, the impacts of COVID-19 permeate into our environment and wildlife as well. Here, we discuss the essential role of wastewater treatment and management during these times. A consequence of poor wastewater management is the discharge of untreated wastewater carrying infectious SARS-CoV-2 into natural water systems that are home to marine mammals. Here, we predict the susceptibility of marine mammal species using a modelling approach. We identified that many species of whale, dolphin and seal, as well as otters, are predicted to be highly susceptible to infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In addition, geo-mapping highlights how current wastewater management in Alaska may lead to susceptible marine mammal populations being exposed to the virus. Localities such as Cold Bay, Naknek, Dillingham and Palmer may require additional treatment of their wastewater to prevent virus spillover through sewage. Since over half of these susceptibility species are already at risk worldwide, the release of the virus via untreated wastewater could have devastating consequences for their already declining populations. For these reasons, we discuss approaches that can be taken by the public, policymakers and wastewater treatment facilities to reduce the risk of virus spillover in our natural water systems. Thus, we indicate the potential for reverse zoonotic transmission of COVID-19 and its impact on marine wildlife; impacts that can be mitigated with appropriate action to prevent further damage to these vulnerable populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pandemic danger to the deep: The risk of marine mammals contracting SARS-CoV-2 from wastewater

Mathavarajah

Stoddart

Gagnon

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

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“…SPI1), IRFs, and NF-κB1/2 in the promoter of regions of IL-6 and ACE2 gene orthologs [50][51][52][53][54][55][56]. We extracted the primal promoter sequences from IL-6 and ACE2 genes from 25 representative vertebrate species, which contain ten previously validated SARS-CoV2-susceptible species and other naturally unsusceptible species based on collected evidence [26][27][28][29][30]. As shown in Figure 3, all three types of CREs (i.e.…”

Section: Cross-species Comparison Of Key Cis-regulatory Elements (Crementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The largest difference is between phylogenic positions of IL-6 and ACE2 gene promoters for pigs and guinea pigs. Whereas in the IL-6 promoter phylogeny, the pig sisters to those of the alpaca and horse, within the Carnivore clade that contains most of the validated CoV2(+) species in addition to the primate clade, porcine ACE2 gene promoter was next to the ruminant clade that has no CoV2(+) species identified so far [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Guinea pig as a rodent species has its IL-6 promoter surprisingly within the primate clade, but its ACE2 promoter appears more primitive and shares the clade with the frog.…”

Section: Overall Comparison Of Phylogenic Topologies Between Il-6 Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This concern emphasizes: (1) the identification of reservoir animal species that originally passing SARS-CoV2 to humans; and (2) potential risks of infected people passing the virus to animals, particularly domestic species, to form an amplifying zoonotic cycle and exacerbate SARS-CoV2 evolution and cross-species transmission [20,21]. Recent studies provided evidence that domestic cats and dogs could be virally or serologically positive for SARS-CoV2 [22][23][24][25][26][27][28], as were several Bronx zoo tigers [29]. Several studies, using experimental inoculations of human SARS-CoV2 isolates, demonstrated that ferrets, hamsters, domestic cats and some non-human primate species were susceptible to human SARS-CoV2 strains; however, pigs, alpacas, and (putatively) cattle are not [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epigenetic Evolution of ACE2 and IL-6 Genes as Non-Canonical Interferon-Stimulated Genes Correlate to COVID-19 Susceptibility in Vertebrates

Sang

Tian

Miller

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Current novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread globally within a matter of months. The virus establishes a success in balancing its deadliness and contagiousness, and causes substantial differences in susceptibility and disease progression in people of different ages, genders and pre-existing comorbidities. Since these host factors are subjected to epigenetic regulation, relevant analyses on some key genes underlying COVID-19 pathogenesis were performed to longitudinally decipher their epigenetic correlation to COVID-19 susceptibility. The genes of host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2, as the major virus receptor) and interleukin (IL)-6 (a key immune-pathological factor triggering cytokine storm) were shown to evince active epigenetic evolution via histone modification and cis/trans-factors interaction across different vertebrate species. Extensive analyses revealed that ACE2 ad IL-6 genes are among a subset of non-canonical interferon-stimulated genes (non-ISGs), which have been designated recently for their unconventional responses to interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory stimuli through an epigenetic cascade. Furthermore, significantly higher positive histone modification markers and position weight matrix (PWM) scores of key cis-elements corresponding to inflammatory and IFN signaling, were discovered in both ACE2 and IL6 gene promoters across representative COVID-19-susceptible species compared to unsusceptible ones. Findings characterize ACE2 and IL-6 genes as non-ISGs that respond differently to inflammatory and IFN signaling from the canonical ISGs and their epigenetic properties may serve as biomarkers to longitudinally predict COVID-19 susceptibility in vertebrates and partially explain COVID-19 inequality in people of different subgroups.

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SARS‐CoV‐2 and wastewater: What does it mean for non‐human primates?

Mathavarajah

Melin

Dellaire

2021

American J Primatol

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In most of our lifetimes, we have not faced a global pandemic such as the novel coronavirus disease 2019. The world has changed as a result. However, it is not only humans who are affected by a pandemic of this scale. Our closest relatives, the non‐human primates (NHPs) who encounter researchers, sanctuary/zoo employees, and tourists, are also potentially at risk of contracting the virus from humans due to similar genetic susceptibility. “Anthropozoonosis”—the transmission of diseases from humans to other species—has occurred historically, resulting in infection of NHPs with human pathogens that have led to disastrous outbreaks. Recent studies have assessed the susceptibility of NHPs and predict that catarrhine primates and some lemurs are potentially highly susceptible to infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) virus. There is accumulating evidence that a new factor to consider with the spread of the virus is fecal‐oral transmission. The virus has been detected in the watersheds of countries with underdeveloped infrastructure where raw sewage enters the environment directly without processing. This may expose NHPs, and other animals, to SARS‐CoV‐2 through wastewater contact. Here, we address these concerns and discuss recent evidence. Overall, we suggest that the risk of transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 via wastewater is low. Nonetheless, tracking of viral RNA in wastewater does provide a unique testing approach to help protect NHPs at zoos and wildlife sanctuaries. A One Health approach going forward is perhaps the best way to protect these animals from a novel virus, the same way that we would protect ourselves.

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Complete Genome Sequence of SARS-CoV-2 in a Tiger from a U.S. Zoological Collection

Abstract: This report describes the identification and characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a Malayan tiger in a U.S. zoo.

Cited by 79 publications

References 4 publications

Pandemic danger to the deep: The risk of marine mammals contracting SARS-CoV-2 from wastewater

Pandemic danger to the deep: The risk of marine mammals contracting SARS-CoV-2 from wastewater

Epigenetic Evolution of ACE2 and IL-6 Genes as Non-Canonical Interferon-Stimulated Genes Correlate to COVID-19 Susceptibility in Vertebrates

SARS‐CoV‐2 and wastewater: What does it mean for non‐human primates?

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