“…Furthermore, the mechanisms of pathogenicity of this microorganism are still poorly understood (Álvarez et al, 2006 , 2008 ; Pérez-Pascual et al, 2011 , 2015 ; Nakayama et al, 2015 ). Several improvements have been reported during the last decades in bacterial physiology (Álvarez et al, 2004 ; Pérez-Pascual et al, 2009 ), molecular diagnosis (Cepeda and Santos, 2000 ; del Cerro et al, 2002 ; Fujiwara-Nagata and Eguchi, 2009 ; Strepparava et al, 2014 ), molecular epidemiology (Nicolas et al, 2008 ; Siekoula-Nguedia et al, 2012 ; Fujiwara-Nagata et al, 2013 ; Avendaño-Herrera et al, 2014 ; Nilsen et al, 2014 ; Van Vliet et al, 2016 ; Ngo et al, 2017 ), genome analysis (Duchaud et al, 2007 ; Wiens et al, 2014 ; Wu et al, 2015 ; Rochat et al, 2017a , b ), and development of genetic tools (Álvarez et al, 2006 ; Pérez-Pascual et al, 2011 ; Gómez et al, 2012 , 2015 ), opening the way for functional genomics studies.…”