Complete Genome Sequence of an Avian-Like H4N8 Swine Influenza Virus Discovered in Southern China

Su, Shuo; Qi, Wenbao; Chen, J.-d.; Cao, Nan; Zhu, Wenjuan; Yuan, Long; Wang, H.; Zhang, G.-h.

doi:10.1128/jvi.01475-12

Cited by 31 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Although infrequently detected in mammals in nature, several H4 strains tested in the guinea pig model were able to replicate and transmit to direct contacts and by respiratory droplet without further adaptation (Liang et al, 2016). Including this report, there are now four documented cases of H4 viruses detected in pigs (Hu et al, 2012; Karasin et al, 2000; Su et al, 2012). Understanding the risk of H4 IAVs infecting and being sustained in a mammalian species such as swine is important for risk assessment because of the financial impact influenza can have on the commercial aspect of pork products as well as due to the zoonotic potential of viruses adapted to swine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…To date, three reports have documented the isolation of avian H4 viruses from naturally infected pigs exhibiting influenza-like symptoms (Hu et al, 2012; Karasin et al, 2000; Su et al, 2012). All three cases were self-limiting without sustained onward transmission or spread from the index herds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All three cases were self-limiting without sustained onward transmission or spread from the index herds. In two cases, H4 viruses were isolated from commercial farms during an outbreak that displayed respiratory disease (Karasin et al, 2000; Su et al, 2012). Pre- and post-outbreak serologic data were reported only from the outbreak that occurred in Ontario, Canada (Karasin et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection and characterization of an H4N6 avian-lineage influenza A virus in pigs in the Midwestern United States

et al. 2017

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H4Nx viruses were reported in swine in Canada and China, but had not been recognized in swine in the USA. In late 2015, an avian-origin H4N6 influenza A virus was isolated from pigs in the United States during a routine diagnostic investigation of clinical respiratory disease in the herd. Serological analysis from additional pigs at the farm and other pigs within the swine production system indicated that the virus did not efficiently transmit from pig to pig and the mode of transmission to swine could not be determined. The isolate was characterized at the molecular level and the pathogenesis and transmission was experimentally evaluated in pigs. Although the virus replicated in the lungs of pigs and caused mild pulmonary lesions, there was no evidence of replication in the upper respiratory tract or transmission to indirect contacts, supporting the findings on the farm.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection and characterization of an H4N6 avian-lineage influenza A virus in pigs in the Midwestern United States

et al. 2017

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“…Viruses of H1 and H3 HA subtypes have been globally and constantly isolated from pigs and thus are considered major SIV lineages (21). In contrast, H4 viruses were sporadically isolated from pigs (22,23), suggesting their potential for natural infection in pigs and their limited transmissibility in pig populations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Isolation of Swine Influenza Viruses by Age-Targeted Specimen Collection

et al. 2015

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hThe control of swine influenza virus (SIV) infection is paramount for increasing the productivity of pig farming and minimizing the threat of pandemic outbreaks. Thus, SIV surveillance should be conducted by region and on a regular basis. Here, we established a microneutralization assay specific for SIV seroprevalence surveillance by using reporter gene-expressing recombinant influenza viruses. Growth-based SIV seroprevalence revealed that most sows and piglets were positive for neutralizing antibodies against influenza viruses. In contrast, the 90-day-old growing pigs exhibited limited neutralizing activity in their sera, suggesting that this particular age of population is most susceptible to SIV infection and thus is an ideal age group for SIV isolation. From nasal swab specimens of healthy pigs in this age population, we were able to isolate SIVs at a higher incidence (5.3%) than those of previous reports. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) genes revealed that the isolated SIVs have circulated and evolved in pigs but not have been recently introduced from humans, implying that a large number of SIV lineages may remain "undiscovered" in the global porcine populations. We propose that the 90-day-old growing pig-targeted nasal swab collection presented in this study facilitates global SIV surveillance and contributes to the detection and control of SIV infection.

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“…To date, there is evidence of only two full or partial avian influenza viruses successfully adapting to transmit stably in swine: the avian-origin Eurasian H1N1 swine viruses [12] and the avian-origin PB2 and PA segments associated with the triple reassortant viruses that emerged in North American swine in the 1990s [50]. A wide range of avian influenza virus subtypes have transiently infected swine in Asia (H1N1 [61], H3N2 [62], H3N8 [63], H4N1 [64], H4N8 [65], H5N1 [66–68], H5N2 [69], H6N6 [70], H7N2 [71], H9N2 [72–75], H10N5 [76], and H11N6), North America (H1N1 [77], H2N3 [78], H3N3 [77], and H4N6 [79]), and Europe (H1N7 [80]). The detection of avian-swine reassortant H2N3 viruses in swine in 2006 in Missouri, USA raised a particular concern for humans, but also did not sustain viral transmission in swine, and there was no evidence of infection of humans [81].…”

Section: Refining Models Of Influenza a Virus Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Reverse zoonosis of influenza to swine: new perspectives on the human–animal interface

Nelson

Vincent

2015

Trends in Microbiology

209

206

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The origins of the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic of 2009 in swine are unknown, highlighting gaps in our understanding of influenza A virus ecology and evolution. Here we review how recently strengthened influenza virus surveillance in pigs has revealed that influenza virus transmission from humans to swine is far more frequent than swine-to-human zoonosis, and is central in seeding swine globally with new viral diversity. The scale of global human-to-swine transmission represents the largest ‘reverse zoonosis’ of a pathogen documented to date. Overcoming the bias towards perceiving swine as sources of human viruses, rather than recipients, is key to understanding how the bidirectional nature of the human-animal interface produces influenza threats to both hosts.

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Complete Genome Sequence of an Avian-Like H4N8 Swine Influenza Virus Discovered in Southern China

Cited by 31 publications

References 3 publications

Detection and characterization of an H4N6 avian-lineage influenza A virus in pigs in the Midwestern United States

Detection and characterization of an H4N6 avian-lineage influenza A virus in pigs in the Midwestern United States

Efficient Isolation of Swine Influenza Viruses by Age-Targeted Specimen Collection

Reverse zoonosis of influenza to swine: new perspectives on the human–animal interface

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