Complete genome of mangrove-derived anti-MRSA streptomycete, Streptomyces pluripotens MUSC 135T

The increased concentration of extracellular glutamate has been reported to play a key role in most of the neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, even though its importance as an amino acid neurotransmitter in mammalian. Glutamate toxicity, which can be caused by excessive intake of monosodium glutamate (MSG), is the major contributor to pathological neuronal cell death. It causes neuronal dysfunction and degeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). Glutamate neurotoxicity can be categorized into two forms, which are receptor-mediated glutamate excitotoxicity and non-receptor mediated glutamate oxidative toxicity. The receptor-mediated glutamate excitotoxicity involved excessive stimulation of glutamate receptors (GluRs) which lead to excessive ion calcium (Ca2+) influx and activates a cell death cascade involving the accumulation of mitochondrially generated reactive oxygen species (ROS). Studies showed excessive extracellular glutamate leads to nerve cell death via the activation of N-methyl-Daspartate (NMDA) receptors in the cases of trauma or stroke. Whereas non-receptor mediated oxidative toxicity involved the breakdown of the cystine/glutamate antiporter (xc - ) mechanism, which leads to the depletion of glutathione (GSH) and causes oxidative stress and cell death. The cystine/glutamate antiporter couples the import of cystine to the export of glutamate. The increased concentration of extracellular glutamate could inhibit the uptake of cystine, which is required for the synthesis of the intracellular antioxidant GSH. GSH plays an important role in the disposal of peroxides by brain cells and in the protection against ROS. Depletion of GSH renders the cell to oxidative stress and ultimately leading to cell death. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of neurodegenerative diseases and the role of neurotoxin agents, glutamate in these diseases.

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Insight of Neurodegenerative Diseases and The Role of Neurotoxin Agents — Glutamate

Yap¹,

Lye²,

Tan³

2020

“…Streptomyces bacteria are uniquely complex microorganisms, primarily well-known as prolific producers of secondary metabolites with bioactivities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and immunosuppressive activities [19,20,23,24] . Production of secondary metabolites is not essential for bacterial growth, but it is crucial to facilitate the defence mechanisms of the hosts as to ensure survival during unfavourable environmental conditions [6] .…”

Section: Unique Features Of Streptomycesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Mangrove Actinobacterial Diversity: The Roles of Streptomyces and Novel Species Discovery

Law¹,

Pusparajah²,

Mutalib³

et al. 2019

Self Cite

In the class Actinobacteria, the renowned genus Streptomyces comprised of a group of uniquely complex bacteria that capable of synthesizing a great variety of bioactive metabolites. Streptomycetes are noted to possess several special qualities such as multicellular life cycle and large linearized chromosomes. The significant contribution of Streptomyces in microbial drug discovery as witnessed through the discovery of many important antibiotic drugs has undeniably encourage the exploration of these bacteria from different environments, especially the mangrove environments. This review emphasizes on the genus Streptomyces and reports on the diversity of actinobacterial population from mangroves at different regions of the world as well as discovery of mangrove-derived novel Streptomyces species. Overall, the research on diversity of Actinobacteria in the mangrove environments remains limited. A total of 19 novel Streptomyces spp. isolated from mangroves between the year 2009 - early 2019, notably from China, India, Malaysia, and Thailand. Hence, it will be worthwhile to encourage the study of these bacteria from mangroves of different locations.

“…Mangrove ecosystem is a unique ecological niche which contains highly productive and diverse microbial community [201][202][203][204] . Similarly, the mangrove environment has been known to be potent reservoir for isolation of antibiotic-producing Actinobacteria [205] . Eccleston et al (2008) [206] revealed that the ecology has great impact on the diversity of Actinobacteria.…”

Section: Mangrove Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Bioprospecting of Anti-Vibrio Streptomyces species: Prevalence and Applications

Tan¹,

Lee²,

Goh³

2019

Self Cite

Vibrio sp. has been a major pathogen that resulted in difficult to treat infections, and greatly impacting the aquaculture industry. Thus, more effective approaches are needed to overcome this problem. Bacteria of the genus Streptomyces is a group of prolific producers for various bioactive compounds. Streptomyces species with antibacterial activity against Vibrio sp. have been reported from numerous studies, indicating that Streptomyces could be a good candidate for treatment of Vibrio infections. This review aims to provide an overview on the distribution of the Streptomyces with anti-Vibrio activity from diverse geographical locations. Furthermore, this review also highlighted that Streptomyces sp. can be a great source for anti-Vibrio agents to control vibriosis, such as in the aquaculture settings.