Complete Genome of Acute Rheumatic Fever-Associated Serotype M5 Streptococcus pyogenes Strain Manfredo

Abstract

Comparisons of the 1.84-Mb genome of serotype M5 Streptococcus pyogenes strain Manfredo with previously sequenced genomes emphasized the role of prophages in diversification of S. pyogenes and the close relationship between strain Manfredo and MGAS8232, another acute rheumatic fever-associated strain.

Evolutionary pathway to increased virulence and epidemic group A Streptococcus disease derived from 3,615 genome sequences

“…ICEs (25). Common GAS prophage-encoded virulence factors include pyrogenic toxin superantigens, extracellular DNases, and a secreted phospholipase A2 (22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33). GAS ICE-encoded antimicrobial agents typically include those mediating resistance to tetracycline or macrolides (34).…”

Novel genomic rearrangements mediated by multiple genetic elements in Streptococcus pyogenes M23ND confer potential for evolutionary persistence

“…Specifically, the repositioning of the virulence genes viz., sfb1, nga, slo and prtS allowed their clustering with speB, the mga regulon, and the hasABC operon, the appropriate regulation of which is indispensable for the virulence of S. pyogenes strains. Similar relocations of prtS, which are essential for resistance to neutrophil killing, were also induced from inversions in strains causing epidemic outbreaks or severe diseases, viz., M12-HKU16 (Tse et al, 2012), M3-SSI-1 (Nakagawa et al, 2003) and M5-Manfredo (Holden et al, 2007). Those observations indicate that the replication-and transcription-associated chromosomal rearrangements are dependent on the bacterial phenotypes or host infectious niches, and may signify recently emergent events.…”

“…This locus has two copies distributed on both sides of the replication axis, ori/ter, in quasi-symmetry in most S. pyogenes genomes. Its symmetric distribution induces X-shaped reciprocal inversion across the ori/ter axes in multiple clinical strains, such as M5-Manfredo (Holden et al, 2007) and M3-SSI-1 (Nakagawa et al, 2003). The breakpoints caused by symmetric inversion were shown to be located downstream from the two comX genes in M3-SSI-1 (Nakagawa et al, 2003), and resulted in a large inversion of 1.4 Mbp of the total~1.8 Mbp of the genome.…”

“…The availability of complete genomic information of a variety of S. pyogenes strains makes it possible to carry out genomic-scale comparisons. Numerous studies revealed that the genomic structures of S. pyogenes are highly syntenic among different strains, except for M12-HKU16 (Tse et al, 2012), M5-Manfredo (Holden et al, 2007) and M3-SSI-1 (Nakagawa et al, 2003), all of which contain an X-shaped inversion (or X-alignment) that is symmetric around the replication axis, ori/ter. These inversions are mediated by homologous sequences, such as transposons (Tse et al, 2012) or rRNA-comX, the latter comprising an rRNA operon and the competence gene, comX (Holden et al, 2007;Nakagawa et al, 2003).…”

“…Numerous studies revealed that the genomic structures of S. pyogenes are highly syntenic among different strains, except for M12-HKU16 (Tse et al, 2012), M5-Manfredo (Holden et al, 2007) and M3-SSI-1 (Nakagawa et al, 2003), all of which contain an X-shaped inversion (or X-alignment) that is symmetric around the replication axis, ori/ter. These inversions are mediated by homologous sequences, such as transposons (Tse et al, 2012) or rRNA-comX, the latter comprising an rRNA operon and the competence gene, comX (Holden et al, 2007;Nakagawa et al, 2003). This type of symmetric inversion is not uncommon and has been analogously observed in organisms from multiple lineages (Eisen et al, 2000), including Salmonella (Liu & Sanderson, 1995), Chlamydia (Read et al, 2000) and Helicobacter (Zawilak et al, 2001).…”