Complete Development of Mosquito Phases of the Malaria Parasite in Vitro

Al-Olayan, Ebtesam M.; Beetsma, Annette L.; Butcher, G. A.; Sinden, Robert E.; Hurd, Hilary

doi:10.1126/science.1067159

Cited by 101 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…It has been known for several decades that parasites injected into the haemocoel can develop further upon binding onto the mosquito midgut wall (Weathersby, 1952;Warburg and Schneider, 1993), and this was confirmed in a dramatic way when it was shown that the injection of parasites into Drosophila melanogaster also leads to the development of infective sporozoites within oocysts attached to the basal lamina at multiple sites, not just the midgut (Schneider and Shahabuddin, 2000). Thus, binding of the ookinete to the basal lamina is a condition that supports its development into a functional oocyst, as demonstrated with the critical requirement of Matrigel in the successful culture of Plasmodium berghei in vitro (Al-Olayan et al, 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 67%

Laminin and the malaria parasite's journey through the mosquito midgut

Arrighi

Lycett

Mahairaki

et al. 2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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During the invasion of the mosquito midgut epithelium, Plasmodium ookinetes come to rest on the basal lamina, where they transform into the sporozoite-producing oocysts. Laminin, one of the basal lamina's major components, has previously been shown to bind several surface proteins of Plasmodium ookinetes. Here, using the recently developed RNAi technique in mosquitoes, we used a specific dsRNA construct targeted against the LANB2 gene (laminin γ1) of Anopheles gambiae to reduce its mRNA levels, leading to a substantial reduction in the number of successfully developed oocysts in the mosquito midgut. Moreover, this molecular relationship is corroborated by the intimate association of developing P. berghei parasites and laminin in the gut, as observed using confocal microscopy. Our data support the notion of laminin playing a functional role in the development of the malaria parasite within the mosquito midgut.

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mentioning

confidence: 67%

Laminin and the malaria parasite's journey through the mosquito midgut

Arrighi

Lycett

Mahairaki

et al. 2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Until recently, in vitro differentiation of P. berghei was limited to the ookinete stages (12). Recently, progress has been made toward developing procedures for in vitro differentiation to later stages (22,23), but these are not readily amenable for large-scale cultures. To circumvent some of these limitations we used subtractive hybridization, by which cDNAs from non-infected midguts were subtracted from cDNAs from infected midguts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Plasmodium and Anopheles Transcriptional Repertoire during Ookinete Development and Midgut Invasion

Abraham

Islam

Srinivasan

et al. 2004

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, has to undergo sexual differentiation and development in anopheline mosquitoes for transmission to occur. To isolate genes specifically induced in both organisms during the early stages of Plasmodium differentiation in the mosquito, two cDNA libraries were constructed, one enriched for sequences expressed in differentiating Plasmodium berghei ookinetes and another enriched for sequences expressed in Anopheles stephensi guts containing invading ookinetes and early oocysts. Sequencing of 457 ookinete library clones and 652 early oocyst clones represented 175 and 346 unique expressed sequence tags, respectively. Nine of 13 Plasmodium and four of the five Anopheles novel expressed sequence tags analyzed on Northern blots were induced during ookinete differentiation and mosquito gut invasion. Ancaspase-7, an Anopheles effector caspase, is proteolytically activated during Plasmodium invasion of the midgut. WARP, a gene encoding a Plasmodium surface protein with a von Willebrand factor A-like adhesive domain, is expressed only in ookinetes and early oocysts. An anti-WARP polyclonal antibody strongly inhibits (70 -92%) Plasmodium development in the mosquito, making it a candidate antigen for transmission blocking vaccines. The present results and those of an accompanying report

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“…Ookinetes are elongated, motile cells that penetrate the chitin-containing peritrophic matrix using chitinases and proteases, 9,10 invade and cross midgut epithelial cells, and finally, come to rest and develop into oocysts at the basal lamina. 11 Within oocysts, sporozoites develop by asexual reproduction and fission, eventually releasing thousands of sporozoites that make their way to salivary glands, ready to be injected into new vertebrate hosts during blood meal ingestion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Ultrastructural Analysis of the Invasive Apparatus of the Plasmodium Ookinete

Patra¹,

Vinetz²

2012

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Invasion of the mosquito midgut by the Plasmodium ookinete determines the success of transmission of malaria parasites from humans to mosquitoes and therefore, is a potential target for molecular intervention. Here, we show higher-resolution ultrastructural details of developing and mature P. gallinaceum ookinetes than previously available. Improved fixation and processing methods yielded substantially improved transmission electron micrographs of ookinetes, particularly with regard to visualization of subcellular secretory and other organelles. These new images provide new insights into the synthesis and function of vital invasive machinery focused on the following features: apical membrane protrusions presumptively used for attachment and protein secretion, dark spherical bodies at the apical end of the mature ookinete, and the presence of a dense array of micronemes apposed to microtubules at the apical end of the ookinete involved in constitutive secretion. This work advances understanding of the molecular and cellular details of the Plasmodium ookinete and provides the basis of future, more detailed mechanistic experimentation on the biology of the Plasmodium ookinete.

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Complete Development of Mosquito Phases of the Malaria Parasite in Vitro

Cited by 101 publications

References 27 publications

Laminin and the malaria parasite's journey through the mosquito midgut

Laminin and the malaria parasite's journey through the mosquito midgut

Analysis of the Plasmodium and Anopheles Transcriptional Repertoire during Ookinete Development and Midgut Invasion

New Ultrastructural Analysis of the Invasive Apparatus of the Plasmodium Ookinete

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