Complement‐Mediated Killing of <i>Borrelia garinii</i> —Bactericidal Activity of Wild Deer Serum

Isogai, Emiko; Kamewaka, Yuri; Isogai, Hiroshi; Kimura, Kôichi; Fujii, Nobuhiro; Nishikawa, Takeshi

doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.1994.tb01852.x

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The level of complement activity in serum has been found to be an important intrinsic factor determining the reservoir competence of lizards, birds, and mammals for several genospecies of B. burgdorferi s.l. (Isogai et al, 1994;Kurtenbach et al, 1998;Kuo et al, 2000;Nelson et al, 2000). Our complement-protein assays demonstrated that untreated (preimmune) serum from domestic turkeys was moderately bacteriolytic for B. burgdorferi s.s. because 45% of spirochetes introduced into it were dead within 1 hr.…”

Section: Turkeys As Hosts Of Ectoparasitesmentioning

confidence: 62%

Wild Turkey (Meleagris Gallopavo) as a Host of Ixodid Ticks, Lice, and Lyme Disease Spirochetes (Borrelia Burgdorferi Sensu Lato) in California State Parks

Lane

Kucera

Barrett

et al. 2006

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Rio Grande wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia) were evaluated as potential hosts of ixodid ticks, lice, and Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato [s.l.]) in three state parks in Sonoma County, California, USA, during 2003 and 2004. In total, 113 birds were collected, 50 (44.2%) of which were found to be infested by 361 ixodid ticks representing three species: the western black-legged tick (Ixodes pacificus, n5248), the rabbit tick (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, n5112), and one American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis). Year-round the prevalence of all ticks combined was unrelated to the age or sex of turkeys, and the prevalence of infestation by I. pacificus (35.4%) was significantly higher than it was for either H. leporispalustris (14.2%) or D. variabilis (0.9%). The proportion of the two prevalent tick species differed significantly by life stage with 86.3% of the I. pacificus and 82.1% of the H. leporispalustris enumerated being nymphs and larvae, respectively. Three species of lice were collected, including the chicken body louse Menacanthus stramineus (12.5% of total), Chelopistes meleagridis (37.5% of total), and Oxylipeurus polytrapezius (50% of total). The records for all three ticks are the first ever from wild turkeys, and those for the lice are the first from this host in the far-western United States. Wild turkeys potentially were exposed to the feeding activities of I. pacificus nymphs infected with B. burgdorferi s.l. as 15% of host-seeking nymphs (n5200) collected in woodlands used by turkeys as roosting or foraging areas were infected mainly with B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.). However, only one (1%) of 90 turkey blood specimens tested by PCR contained B. burgdorferi s.s., and four in vitro, complement-protein assays demonstrated that domestic turkey serum is moderately bacteriolytic for this spirochete. Taken together, these findings indicate that wild turkeys are important avian hosts of I. pacificus nymphs, but they appear to be inconsequential hosts of B. burgdorferi s.l.

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Section: Turkeys As Hosts Of Ectoparasitesmentioning

confidence: 62%

Wild Turkey (Meleagris Gallopavo) as a Host of Ixodid Ticks, Lice, and Lyme Disease Spirochetes (Borrelia Burgdorferi Sensu Lato) in California State Parks

Lane

Kucera

Barrett

et al. 2006

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…Components of the complement system form an ancient aspect of innate immunity in vertebrates (267) and even some invertebrates (268,269). Therefore, many animals which act as viral hosts or reservoirs for zoonoses also have an active complement system for targeting pathogens i.e., bats (270), cows (271), deer (272), pigs (273), rabbits (274), and rats (274), which the virus may have to overcome to avoid possible antiviral activity. Further viral mechanisms of complement regulation may therefore exist which have not yet been identified and the plasticity of viral genomes could result in the emergence of novel protein regulatory functions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Evasion of the Complement System and Its Importance for Vaccines and Therapeutics

et al. 2020

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The complement system is a key component of innate immunity which readily responds to invading microorganisms. Activation of the complement system typically occurs via three main pathways and can induce various antimicrobial effects, including: neutralization of pathogens, regulation of inflammatory responses, promotion of chemotaxis, and enhancement of the adaptive immune response. These can be vital host responses to protect against acute, chronic, and recurrent viral infections. Consequently, many viruses (including dengue virus, West Nile virus and Nipah virus) have evolved mechanisms for evasion or dysregulation of the complement system to enhance viral infectivity and even exacerbate disease symptoms. The complement system has multifaceted roles in both innate and adaptive immunity, with both intracellular and extracellular functions, that can be relevant to all stages of viral infection. A better understanding of this virus-host interplay and its contribution to pathogenesis has previously led to: the identification of genetic factors which influence viral infection and disease outcome, the development of novel antivirals, and the production of safer, more effective vaccines. This review will discuss the antiviral effects of the complement system against numerous viruses, the mechanisms employed by these viruses to then evade or manipulate this system, and how these interactions have informed vaccine/therapeutic development. Where relevant, conflicting findings and current research gaps are highlighted to aid future developments in virology and immunology, with potential applications to the current COVID-19 pandemic.

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“…Although colilargos accounted for 32 of these infested rodents, three long-haired grass mice ( Abrothrix longipilis ) and two olive grass mice ( A. olivaceus ) were also infested. More studies of the rodent populations in this biotope will be required to determine whether and which of these rodent species can serve as reservoir hosts for borrelia.The fact that no infected I. stilesi were collected from pudus suggests that these animals, like deer of the Northern Hemisphere, are not competent reservoir hosts for LB borreliae (Telford, III et al, 1988; Isogai et al, 1994; Brunner et al, 2008; Kjelland et al, 2011). The recent introduction of red deer (Cervus elaphus) to the Chilean biotope where this study was carried out (Jakcsic et al, 2002) could provide an opportunity for an additional host for Ixodes ticks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Borrelia chilensis, a new member of theBorrelia burgdorferisensu lato complex that extends the range of this genospecies in theSouthernHemisphere

Ivanova

Tomova

González‐Acuña

et al. 2013

Environmental Microbiology

107

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Summary Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.), transmitted by Ixodes spp. ticks, is the causative agent of Lyme disease. Although Ixodes spp. ticks are distributed in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres, evidence for the presence of B. burgdorferi s.l. in South America apart from Uruguay is lacking. We now report the presence of culturable spirochetes with flat-wave morphology and borrelial DNA in endemic Ixodes stilesi ticks collected in Chile from environmental vegetation and long-tailed rice rats (Oligoryzomys longicaudatus). Cultured spirochetes and borrelial DNA in ticks were characterized by multilocus sequence typing and by sequencing five other loci (16S and 23S ribosomal genes, 5S-23S intergenic spacer, flaB, ospC). Phylogenetic analysis placed this spirochete as a new genospecies within the Lyme borreliosis group. Its plasmid profile determined by PCR and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis differed from that of B. burgdorferi B31A3. We propose naming this new South American member of the Lyme borreliosis group Borrelia chilensis VA1, in honor of its country of origin.

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Complement‐Mediated Killing of Borrelia garinii —Bactericidal Activity of Wild Deer Serum

Abstract: Abstract:The susceptibility of Borrelia garinii to fresh wild deer sera was determined by incubating strain SIKA2 at 10% serum concentration for 1 hr at 37 C in an in vitro bactericidal assay. Each serum showed bactericidal effects at various levels.

Cited by 9 publications

References 16 publications

Wild Turkey (Meleagris Gallopavo) as a Host of Ixodid Ticks, Lice, and Lyme Disease Spirochetes (Borrelia Burgdorferi Sensu Lato) in California State Parks

Wild Turkey (Meleagris Gallopavo) as a Host of Ixodid Ticks, Lice, and Lyme Disease Spirochetes (Borrelia Burgdorferi Sensu Lato) in California State Parks

Viral Evasion of the Complement System and Its Importance for Vaccines and Therapeutics

Borrelia chilensis, a new member of theBorrelia burgdorferisensu lato complex that extends the range of this genospecies in theSouthernHemisphere

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