“…Initially being developed with a model of execution that did not rely upon ahead-of-time compilation to machine instructions, its early architecture specifically relied upon an interpretation of its intermediate formats bytecode [7][8][9] with possible just-in-time (JIT) compilation [10]. The robustness of Java, its cross-platform capabilities and security features [11] has seen the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) in its early days be the target for many languages, for example, Ada [12], Eiffel [13], ML [14], Scheme [15], and Haskell [16] as cited in [17][18][19]. Nonetheless, performance analysis of early releases of the language was characterised as providing poor performance relative to traditional compiled languages [7,9], with early comparisons of execution time performance of Java code showing significant underperformance relative to C or C++ code [7,[20][21][22][23].…”