Competitive Swimming and Racial Disparities in Drowning

Myers, Samuel L.; Cuesta, Ana M.; Lai, Yufeng

doi:10.1007/s12114-017-9248-y

Cited by 6 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Nine studies presented fatal or non-fatal drowning rates per population as a primary outcome, adjusted by age, gender and/or ethnicity/race 8 9 22 23 27 29–32. One presented fatal drowning rates of black children compared with white children as being 1.90/100 000 vs 1.32/100 000 (aged 0–30 years) 9.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cultural beliefs included spiritual and religious reasons for avoiding water, as well as cultural practices around the water. Four articles cited the historical and political context of segregation in the USA,30 31 33 34 and colonisation in Canada,35 as reasons for the present-day low levels of swimming participation and high drowning rates among the black population and Indigenous peoples of Canada (table 3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fifteen articles cited poor/no swimming ability as increasing drowning risk 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 37 40 45 47–49. Three studies measured swimming ability,46 47 50 while 11 articles presented self-reported measures of swimming ability, including parental perception of their child’s ability 26 28 34 37 40 48 49.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Barriers to participation, such as lack of access to facilities and/or programmes, and cultural appropriateness,24 35 45 52 as-well-as low frequency of participation and/or exposure, were considered factors for increasing drowning risk 30 32 49 53. Levels of risk towards drowning differed by age and ethnicity in regard to locations; ranging from swimming pools to open water location and bathtubs 9 23 25 27 31 42…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the role of colonialism and segregation are sensitive and complex issues that illicit many opinions, for the purpose of this review, all social determinants of health that influence drowning outcomes were considered. The role of colonisation and intergenerational trauma is widely believed to have contributed to the racial disparities evident in drowning today, this has been shown to be in case in the USA30 33 and Canada,24 35 and is likely to apply in Australia54 and New Zealand.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identifying a gap in drowning prevention: high-risk populations

Willcox-Pidgeon¹,

Franklin

Leggat

et al. 2020

Inj Prev

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IntroductionSome populations have been less susceptible to reductions in drowning than others. It has been hypothesised that this is due to prevention strategies failing to account for the influence of social determinants (such as ethnicity, socioeconomic status). Populations such as ethnic minorities have been over-represented in injury statistics, however this is not well explored in drowning. This study aims to identify high-risk populations for drowning, risk factors and prevention strategies.MethodsA literature review undertaken systematically using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses approach was conducted of peer-reviewed literature in English, published between 1990 and 2018 from high-income countries. Search terms included drowning, water safety, ethnic minority, migrant, and culturally diverse.ResultsIn total, 35 articles were included. High-risk populations identified were: ethnic minorities, First Nations/Aboriginal people, migrants and rural residents. Over half (51%) focused on children (0–18 years). Risk factors included social determinants, swimming ability and knowledge, attitudes and behaviour. Four intervention studies were found; two focused on upskilling adults from high-risk populations to increase employment opportunities within the aquatic industry; an evaluation of a 10-year rock fishing safety education project and a learn-to-swim programme for minority children. Proposed prevention strategies included education, practical skills, research, policy and engagement.DiscussionLimited literature exists pertaining to drowning among adults from high-risk populations. There is a need to increase the sophistication of drowning prevention strategies addressing the disparities in drowning from a culturally appropriate perspective. Acknowledging the role of the social determinants of health in drowning prevention is essential in order to improve drowning outcomes for high-risk populations globally.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identifying a gap in drowning prevention: high-risk populations

Willcox-Pidgeon¹,

Franklin

Leggat

et al. 2020

Inj Prev

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Racial and ethnic differences in pediatric unintentional injuries requiring hospitalization

Jeffries

Puls

Hall

et al. 2022

Journal of Hospital Medicine

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Background/Objective This study aims to comprehensively examine racial and ethnic differences in pediatric unintentional injuries requiring hospitalization by age across injury mechanisms. Study Design This was a retrospective, nationally representative cross‐sectional analysis of discharge data within the 2016 Kids' Inpatient Database for 98,611 children ≤19 years with unintentional injuries resulting in hospitalization. Injury categories included passengers and pedestrians injured in a motor vehicle crash, falls, drownings, burns, firearms, drug and nondrug poisonings, suffocations, and other injuries. Relative risk (RR) for injuries requiring hospitalization were calculated for children of Black, Hispanic, and Other races and ethnicities compared with White children, and then RR were further stratified by age. Excessive hospitalizations were calculated as the absolute number of hospitalizations for each race and ethnicity group that would have been avoided if each group had the same rate as White children. Results Black children were significantly more likely to be hospitalized compared with White children for all injury mechanisms except falls, and in nearly all age groups with the greatest RR for firearm injuries (RR 9.8 [95% confidence interval: 9.5–10.2]). Differences were associated with 6263 excessive hospitalizations among all racial and ethnic minority children compared with White children. Conclusions Racial and ethnic minority children represent populations at persistent disproportionate risk for injuries resulting in hospitalization; risk that varies in important ways by injury mechanism and children's age. These findings suggest the importance of the environmental and societal exposures that may drive these differences, but other factors, such as provider bias, may also contribute.

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Review of Heather McGhee The Sum of Us: What Racism Costs Everyone and How We Can Prosper Together New York: One World 2021 415 pp

Darity

2024

J Econ Race Policy

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Competitive Swimming and Racial Disparities in Drowning

Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

Identifying a gap in drowning prevention: high-risk populations

Identifying a gap in drowning prevention: high-risk populations

Racial and ethnic differences in pediatric unintentional injuries requiring hospitalization

Review of Heather McGhee The Sum of Us: What Racism Costs Everyone and How We Can Prosper Together New York: One World 2021 415 pp

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