Electrochemical
studies
of resorcinol-based acridinedione (AD)
dyes with nonfluorophoric simple amino acids, glycine, alanine, and
valine, were carried out in water. AD probes are classified into photoinduced
electron transfer (PET) and non-PET-based dyes, wherein the electrochemical
properties and photophysical and photochemical behavior vary significantly
based on the nature of substituent groups and the nature of the solute.
The oxidation potential of PET dye (ADR1) to that of non-PET-based
dye (ADR2) differs significantly such that the addition of amino acids
results in a shift of the oxidation peak to a less positive potential
and the reduction peak to a lesser negative potential. The extent
of shift of oxidation and reduction potential in PET dye is more pronounced
than that of non-PET dye on the addition of valine rather than glycine.
The variation in the shift is attributed to the presence of an electron-donating
moiety (OCH3) group in the ninth position of ADR1 dye.
Consequently, the quenching of fluorescence is observed in ADR2 with
non fluorophoric amino acids that are authenticated by the shift of
the anodic and cathodic peaks toward a lesser positive potential.
Molecular docking (MD) studies of PET and non-PET dye with amino acids
portray that neither hydrophobic interactions nor electrostatic or
weak interactions such as van der Waals and pi–pi interactions
govern the electrochemical nature of dye on the addition of amino
acids. Furthermore, the formation of a conventional hydrogen bond
between dye and amino acid is established from MD studies. The existence
of dye–water–amino acid competitive hydrogen-bonding
interactions is presumably well-oriented throughout the aqueous phase
as observed through photophysical studies which support our electrochemical
investigation.