Competitive exclusion during co-infection as a strategy to prevent the spread of a virus: A computational perspective

Abstract

Inspired by the competition exclusion principle, this work aims at providing a computational framework to explore the theoretical feasibility of viral co-infection as a possible strategy to reduce the spread of a fatal strain in a population. We propose a stochastic-based model—called Co-Wish—to understand how competition between two viruses over a shared niche can affect the spread of each virus in infected tissue. To demonstrate the co-infection of two viruses, we first simulate the characteristics of two virus growth processes separately. Then, we examine their interactions until one can dominate the other. We use Co-Wish to explore how the model varies as the parameters of each virus growth process change when two viruses infect the host simultaneously. We will also investigate the effect of the delayed initiation of each infection. Moreover, Co-Wish not only examines the co-infection at the cell level but also includes the innate immune response during viral infection. The results highlight that the waiting times in the five stages of the viral infection of a cell in the model—namely attachment, penetration, eclipse, replication, and release—play an essential role in the competition between the two viruses. While it could prove challenging to fully understand the therapeutic potentials of viral co-infection, we discuss that our theoretical framework hints at an intriguing research direction in applying co-infection dynamics in controlling any viral outbreak’s speed.

Superinfection exclusion: A viral strategy with short-term benefits and long-term drawbacks

“…Given that populations which allow and prevent superinfection both exist in the wild, it is natural to wonder what impact either strategy has on the evolution of viral populations. This question has been studied in various systems from the perspective of intracellular interactions and competition [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Multiple infections allow for the exchange of genetic material between viruses through recombination, which can increase diversity and improve the efficiency of selection, but may also decrease fitness by promoting the presence of deleterious mutants at low frequencies [20][21][22].…”

Cervical Microbiome in Women Infected with HPV16 and High-Risk HPVs

“…These mechanisms may impede the multiplication of other viruses. The duration of each virus’ lifecycle also influenced viral co-infection, as demonstrated by Vafadar et al’s model of competitive infection during co-infection [ 55 ]. Moreover, host immunity to viral infection plays a crucial role in preventing future viral infections.…”

Decreased Pediatric Viral Burden and Increased Rhinovirus Infection During The COVID-19 Pandemic

“…In addition, other factors should be taken into account as possible modifiers of epidemiology. Among them, one of the main theories ascribes this epidemiological change to the competition between viruses, in which SARS-CoV-2 would have occupied the ecological niche of other viruses, colonizing the nasopharynx and preventing other viral infections (20,21). These theories should be taken into consideration.…”