Competition dependence of retrieval-induced forgetting in motor memory

Tempel, Tobias; Aslan, Alp; Frings, Christian

doi:10.3758/s13421-015-0578-3

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Take, for example, the popular forgetting phenomenon retrieval-induced forgetting. Retrieval-induced forgetting was originally demonstrated with words (Anderson et al, 1994), but has been shown to generalize to a variety of materials such as visual-spatial objects (Ciranni & Shimamura, 1999), eyewitness memories (Shaw, Bjork, & Handal, 1995), motor memory (Tempel, Aslan, & Frings, 2016), and location information (Gómez-Ariza, Fernandez, & Bajo, 2012). Given that the above-named theories of forgetting attempt to account for retrieval-induced forgetting, the many stimulus types susceptible to this forgetting effect may be a liability in elucidating the underlying mechanism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modality-specific forgetting

et al. 2019

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A large body of literature agrees that accessing a target memory appears to trigger a difference-of-Gaussian memory activation pulse under which the target representation is activated and categorically flanking items are suppressed and forgotten. The nature of the underlying forgetting mechanism is far from settled, with support for several theories of forgetting. Here we argue the debate is partly fueled by different forgetting mechanisms underlying the forgetting of different memoranda. We capitalized on the unique aspect of the recognition-induced forgetting paradigm to test forgetting of both pictures and words in identical recognition-practice and restudy tasks. We found that memory for pictures and words followed different patterns of forgetting. Specifically, forgetting was retrieval specific for words, in that forgetting occurred only when words were recognized, and not when words were merely restudied. However, forgetting was not retrieval specific for pictures, in that forgetting occurred both when pictures were recognized as well as restudied. Further, patterns of forgetting operated along different category-level groupings for pictures and words. Words grouped along the superordinate level were susceptible to forgetting but pictures were not. The strength of this design is the ability to directly compare forgetting for different memoranda, establishing that patterns of forgetting are modality specific. These findings demonstrate that the mechanisms underlying forgetting may differ as a function of the particular memoranda, emphasizing the need for examining forgetting in long-term memory across modalities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modality-specific forgetting

et al. 2019

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“…In contrast, offline contexts modulate retrieval, although the context is not presented when the retrieval takes place. For instance, in the retrieval-induced forgetting and directed-forgetting paradigms (Anderson, Bjork, & Bjork, 1994;Bjork, 1972;Burwitz, 1974), it is assumed that retrieval practice or a forget instruction for a particular list of items induces a context change that modulates the retrieval of a subsequent list of items (notwithstanding that other processes might also contribute to these memory effects; e.g., Tempel, Aslan, & Frings, 2016). Yet, offline contexts could also include external information-for example, in cued recall, if the cue is presented just before the participant has to retrieve a particular item.…”

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confidence: 99%

How the mind shapes action: Offline contexts modulate involuntary episodic retrieval

Frings

Koch

Moeller

2017

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Involuntary retrieval of previous stimulus-response episodes is a centerpiece of many theories of priming, episodic binding, and action control. Typically it is assumed that by repeating a stimulus from trial n-1 to trial n, involuntary retrieval is triggered in a nearly automatic fashion, facilitating (or interfering with) the to-be-executed action. Here we argue that changes in the offline context weaken the involuntary retrieval of previous episodes (the offline context is defined to be the information presented before or after the focal stimulus). In four conditions differing in cue modality and target modality, retrieval was diminished if participants changed the target selection criterion (as indicated by a cue presented before the selection took place) while they still performed the same task. Thus, solely through changes in the offline context (cue or selection criterion), involuntary retrieval can be weakened in an effective way.

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“…By adapting paradigms from memory research to the use of motor sequences as item material, we found that retrieval can shape motor memory in opposing ways by demonstrating retrieval-induced forgetting as well as test-potentiated learning (Tempel, Aslan, & Frings, 2016;Tempel & Frings, 2013, 2014a, 2014b, 2016aTempel, Loran, & Frings, 2015;Tempel & Kubik, 2017). Thus, retrieval effects extend to motor memory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Testing enhances motor practice

Tempel

Frings

2019

Mem Cogn

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We investigated how retrieval of a set of newly learned motor sequences influences subsequent learning of another set of motor sequences. In four experiments, retrieval reduced an acceleration of movement execution over subsequent study trials. This relative slowing-down was associated with better recall performance in a final memory test. Explicit retrievability of motor sequences benefited from longer study-trial response times (RTs), suggesting that retrieval caused more attentive encoding. The use of motor sequences requiring overt action during encoding allowed for this demonstration of a twofold forward effect of testing on encoding quality and on recall. Experiment 1 adopted a paradigm used in previous studies with verbal materials. Experiment 2 changed the test format to be less susceptible to interference. Experiments 3 and 4 additionally switched from a between-participants design to a within-participants design. These modifications did not affect the occurrence of the twofold forward effect of testing but enabled detecting a correlation between recall and study-trial performance that had been precluded by the strongly interference-dependent test format of the original paradigm. Our findings demonstrate an immediate learning benefit of testing. It enhances encoding in subsequent study trials.

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Competition dependence of retrieval-induced forgetting in motor memory

Cited by 14 publications

References 51 publications

Modality-specific forgetting

Modality-specific forgetting

How the mind shapes action: Offline contexts modulate involuntary episodic retrieval

Testing enhances motor practice

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