Competition–colonisation trade‐offs are found among but not within wind‐dispersed <i>Pinus</i> species

Wyse, Sarah V.; Hulme, Philip E.

doi:10.1111/1365-2435.14004

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(80 reference statements)

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“…Small and spherical seeds and with high light dependence can remain in a non-germinated state for extended periods in the soil due to limited light penetration into the surface soil [16,[70][71][72]. Small seeds can offset the disadvantages of limited spatial dispersal and seedling competition by maintaining long-term vitality in the soil through a time-dispersal strategy, such as forming a persistent soil seed bank [5,73,74]. Moreover, non-spherical seeds (elongated or disc-shaped) often exhibit higher germination percentage than spherical seeds due to higher water uptake [12,31,75,76].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large and non-spherical seeds are less likely to form a persistent soil seed bank

Wang,

Ge,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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There is some evidence that seed traits can affect the long-term persistence of seeds in the soil. However, findings on this topic have differed between systems. Here, we brought together a worldwide database of seed persistence data for 1474 species to test the generality of seed mass–shape–persistence relationships. We found a significant trend for low seed persistence to be associated with larger and less spherical seeds. However, the relationship varied across different clades, growth forms and species ecological preferences. Specifically, relationships of seed mass–shape–persistence were more pronounced in Poales than in other order clades. Herbaceous species that tend to be found in sites with low soil sand content and precipitation have stronger relationships between seed shape and persistence than in sites with higher soil sand content and precipitation. For the woody plants, the relationship between persistence and seed morphology was stronger in sites with high soil sand content and low precipitation than in sites with low soil sand content and higher precipitation. Improving the ability to predict the soil seed bank formation process, including burial and persistence, could benefit the utilization of seed morphology–persistence relationships in management strategies for vegetation restoration and controlling species invasion across diverse vegetation types and environments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large and non-spherical seeds are less likely to form a persistent soil seed bank

Wang,

Ge,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…Pinus radiata (radiata pine, Monterey pine) is the most important non‐native conifer in the global timber industry (Lavery & Mead, 1998), with over 4.5 million ha of plantations worldwide, 90% of which occur in the Southern Hemisphere (Mead, 2013). The species is light demanding (Wyse & Hulme, 2022) and the density of naturally establishing seedlings in a fragmented forest in Chile was found to correlate negatively with canopy cover (Gómez et al, 2019). Roadsides and coastal habitats also provide suitable environments for P. radiata establishment (Williams & Wardle, 2007), while droughts, frost (Burdon & Miller, 1992) and strong browsing pressure from stock and other herbivores (Crozier & Ledgard, 1990) are thought to retard or inhibit establishment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying the risk of non‐native conifer establishment across heterogeneous landscapes

Wyse

Etherington

Hulme

2022

Journal of Applied Ecology

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Pines (genus Pinus) are cultivated extensively for forestry purposes, particularly in regions that are outside the genus' native range. The most common forestry species are also typically those most likely to escape cultivation and spread rapidly, and thus pines constitute a substantial weed problem in many regions. However, there is limited knowledge of the factors underlying the spread of pines from plantations. Assessments across heterogeneous landscapes are required to provide rigorous data to support management tools and policies aiming to protect vulnerable ecosystems from pine invasions. We examined the spread of Pinus radiata from forestry plantations over a ~9,000 km2 landscape on Banks Peninsula, New Zealand. We used ground‐based surveys from a set of viewpoints to determine tree locations, coupled with geographical information system (GIS) viewsheds to define the area surveyed. We used boosted regression trees to build a habitat model for P. radiata establishment on Banks Peninsula. We surveyed an area approximately 107 km2, recording 470 naturally established P. radiata individuals. Our habitat models suggested that proximity to the nearest plantation forest was the most important variable predicting P. radiata establishment, with individuals most likely to establish within 150 m of a plantation. Individuals were also most likely to establish in early successional shrub communities, proximate to roads, and on steeper topography. Highly grazed habitats were least vulnerable to P. radiata establishment. The slope and aspect of the source plantation influenced the distances from the plantation at which P. radiata individuals were recorded, with individuals recorded furthest away likely to have originated from plantations that were south‐facing or on steeper slopes, and therefore most exposed to strong winds. Synthesis and applications. Our findings on distances from plantations at which individuals established, vulnerable habitats, and the interactions we detected among our predictor variables, can be extended to aid management of non‐native conifer plantings elsewhere in the Southern Hemisphere. These data can be used to contribute to improvements of decision support systems that assess likely spread risk from non‐native conifer plantings. Such tools can reduce the likelihood of future pine establishment, potentially preventing biological invasions.

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“…For instance, seeds are under selective pressure to increase their overall size (Harper et al, 1970; Smith and Fretwell, 1974) because increased seed size may lead to increased germination, seedling survival, establishment, and competitive ability (Thompson et al, 1993; Andersson, 1996; Gómez, 2004; Seltmann et al, 2007). However, an increase in size generally hinders dispersal, especially for wind‐dispersed diaspores (Green, 1980), establishing a trade‐off between colonization and competition (Turnbull et al, 1999; Wyse and Hulme, 2022). Heterocarpic species produce two types of diaspores on the same plant.…”

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Fruit wings accelerate germination in Anacyclus clavatus

Torices,

DeSoto,

Cerca

et al. 2024

American J of Botany

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PremiseThe lateral membranous expansions of fruits, commonly referred to as wings, have long been theorized to serve only dispersal functions. Alternatively, because winged fruits typically have earlier seed germination than unwinged fruits, we hypothesized that wings could increase the contact surface with water, ultimately triggering earlier germination.MethodsWe investigated this alternative hypothesis by exploring the potential role of fruit wings on germination in the heterocarpic species Anacyclus clavatus (Desf.) Pers. (Asteraceae), which produces both winged and unwinged fruits. First, we measured the speed and degree of water absorption in winged and unwinged fruits. Second, we investigated the effects of wings on germination performance, by either reducing wing size or by preventing water absorption by sealing wings with wax. Next, we tested the influence of water availability on the germination performance of winged and unwinged fruits by reducing the water potential.ResultsWinged fruits absorbed more water at a faster rate than unwinged fruits. The sealing of wings delayed germination, whereas germination time was not significantly altered by wing cutting. The restriction of water availability by decreasing water potential significantly delayed seed germination of unwinged fruits, whereas winged fruits remained unaffected.ConclusionsAltogether, our results support the effect of wings on germination and cast doubt on the unique role of wings in dispersal. Whether or not wings contribute to dispersal, we propose that they also improve seed germination and seedling establishment by facilitating water absorption after the release from their mother plants.

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Competition–colonisation trade‐offs are found among but not within wind‐dispersed Pinus species

Cited by 4 publications

References 46 publications

Large and non-spherical seeds are less likely to form a persistent soil seed bank

Large and non-spherical seeds are less likely to form a persistent soil seed bank

Quantifying the risk of non‐native conifer establishment across heterogeneous landscapes

Fruit wings accelerate germination in Anacyclus clavatus

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