Competition between cutaneous vasodilator and vasoconstrictor reflexes in man.

Johnson, John M.; Niederberger, M; Rowell, L. B.; Eisman, Martin M.; Brengelmann, G. L.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1973.35.6.798

Cited by 94 publications

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“…The baroceptor-mediated vasoconstriction in skin and muscle is apparent, although attenuated, even when opposed by thermoregulatory vasodilatory reflexes (166). Thus arterial and venous responses to a hot environment combine to increase the sensitivity to orthostatic stress.…”

Section: Dynamic Responses To Posture Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cardiovascular Adjustments to Gravitational Stress

Blomqvist

Stone

1983

Comprehensive Physiology

188

163

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Section: Dynamic Responses To Posture Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conversely, cooling the skin attenuates the cardiovascular effects of LBNP (266,267). The combined effects of a hot environment on resistance and capacitance vessels also impair ventricular filling during upright exercise (166,279).…”

Section: Dynamic Responses To Posture Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular Adjustments to Gravitational Stress

Blomqvist

Stone

1983

Comprehensive Physiology

188

163

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“…With regard to adrenergic receptor responsiveness, Pawelczyk and Levine (29) reported a relatively greater vasoconstrictor response to ␣ 1 -adrenergic receptor stimulation in the calf compared with the forearm. In contrast, the vasodilator response to ␤-adrenergic receptor stimulation evaluated based on the percent change in maximal vascular conductance did not differ between the arm and leg (29), and the vasodilator response evaluated based on the percent change in baseline blood flow was smaller in the leg (15).Vasomotor control in the skin could be involved in the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during orthostatic stress, especially in hyperthermia given the large fraction of vascular conductance of the skin relative to the entire vasculature (5,9,18,47,48). Unchanged skin sympathetic nerve activity in response to baroreceptor unloading has been observed in normothermic and heat-stressed humans (7, 39, 41).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Vasomotor control in the skin could be involved in the maintenance of arterial blood pressure during orthostatic stress, especially in hyperthermia given the large fraction of vascular conductance of the skin relative to the entire vasculature (5,9,18,47,48). Unchanged skin sympathetic nerve activity in response to baroreceptor unloading has been observed in normothermic and heat-stressed humans (7, 39, 41).…”

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Limb-specific differences in the skin vascular responsiveness to adrenergic agonists

Yamazaki

Yuge

2011

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Yamazaki F, Yuge N. Limb-specific differences in the skin vascular responsiveness to adrenergic agonists. J Appl Physiol 111: 170-176, 2011. First published April 28, 2011 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00068.2011In this study, to test the hypothesis that adrenergic vasoconstrictor responses of the legs are greater compared with the arms in human skin, cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) in the forearm and calf were compared during the infusion of adrenergic agonists in healthy young volunteers. Under normothermic conditions, norepinephrine (NE, ␣-and ␤-agonist, 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ8 to 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ2 M), phenylephrine (PHE, ␣1-agonist, 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ8 to 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ2 M), dexmedetomidine (DEX, ␣2-agonist, 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ9 to 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 M), and isoproterenol (ISO, ␤-agonist, 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ8 to 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 M) were administered by intradermal microdialysis. Skin blood flow (SkBF) was measured by laserDoppler flowmetry, and the local temperature at SkBF-measuring sites was maintained at 34°C throughout the experiments. CVC was calculated as the ratio of SkBF to blood pressure and expressed relative to the baseline value before drug infusion. The dose of NE at the onset of vasoconstriction and the effective dose (ED50) resulting in 50% of the maximal vasoconstrictor response for NE were lower (P Ͻ 0.001) in the calf than forearm. The ED50 for PHE and DEX was also lower (P Ͻ 0.05) in the calf than forearm. Increases in CVC in response to ISO were potentially smaller in the calf, but the statistical differences in the responses were dependent on the expressions of CVC. These findings suggest that the cutaneous vasoconstrictor responsiveness to exogenous NE is greater in the legs than in the arms due to a higher ␣1-and ␣2-adrenoceptor reactivity, while the ␤-adrenoceptor function plays a minor role in regional differences in adrenergic vasoconstriction in normothermic humans. skin blood flow; exogenous norepinephrine; ␣-adrenergic receptor; ␤-adrenergic receptor; microdialysis IN HUMANS, peripheral vasoconstrictor responses to upright posture show heterogeneity between the upper and lower limbs (14,16,22,48). The findings from previous studies suggest that the leg vasculature is more responsive to orthostatic stimulation than the arm vasculature. The augmented vasoconstrictor response observed in the human lower-leg vasculature is influenced by sympathetic and local mechanisms (14,22,24,38) and could play an important regulatory role by limiting the degree to which blood accumulates in the legs during orthostatic stress (29,30).The vasoconstrictor response to the upright posture is via reflex and nonreflex (e.g., venoarteriolar response) mechanisms. The reflex vasoconstriction is influenced by centrally driven activity in sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves and postjunctional adrenergic receptor responsiveness. With regard to the central sympathetic outflow, similar increases in muscle sympathetic nerve activity have been shown in the arm and leg during orthostatic stress (14, 31). In addition, similar increases in regional norepinephrine (NE) spillover have been re...

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“…The neurophysiological studies have indicated that the skin sympathetic outflow, unlike muscle sympathetic outflow, has little if any baroreceptor rhythm at rest (Hagbarth, Hallin, Hongell, Torebjork & Wallin, 1972) and shows inconsistent responses to experimental perturbations in baroreceptor activity (Delius, Hagbarth, Hongell & Wallin, 1972b;Wallin, Delius & Hagbarth, 1973;Wallin, Sundlof & Delius, 1975). In contrast, the current concept in the literature is based on haemodynamic studies showing that the cutaneous circulation is governed by baroreceptor afferents (Mosley, 1969;Beiser, Zelis, Epstein, Mason & Braunwald, 1970;Johnson, Niederberger, Rowell, Eisman & Brengelmann, 1973;Rowell, Wyss & Brengelmann, 1973;Johnson, Rowell & Brengelmann, 1974;Johnson, Rowell, Niederberger & Eisman, 1974;Rowell, 1977Rowell, , 1986Rowell, , 1993Johnson, 1986). For example, Rowell states in the latest edition of his textbook that 'skin and muscle appear to be the major target organs of cardiopulmonary baroreflexes in humans.…”

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Increase of sympathetic discharge to skeletal muscle but not to skin during mild lower body negative pressure in humans.

Vissing

Scherrer

Victor

1994

The Journal of Physiology

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1. Haemodynamic studies in humans have concluded that the cutaneous circulation is regulated by cardiopulmonary baroreceptors. In contrast, neurophysiological studies have indicated that skin sympathetic outflow, unlike muscle sympathetic outflow, is unaffected by perturbations in baroreceptor activity. 2. Thus, in an attempt to resolve this discrepancy, both muscle and skin sympathetic nerve activity was recorded during unloading of mainly cardiopulmonary afferents with non-hypotensive lower body negative pressure (LBNP) performed in both normothermic and hyperthermic conditions. The function of the sympathetic activity was studied by estimations of skin blood flow (laser Doppler velocimetry), of calf blood flow (plethysmography) and of sudomotor activity (electrodermal responses). 3. A level of LBNP that caused robust increases in sympathetic outflow and vascular resistance in the skeletal muscle of the lower leg had no effect on sympathetic activity and vascular resistance in the skin of the same region in the same subjects. Both at normothermia and during hyperthermia LBNP decreased electrodermal activity. Experiments performed during sham LBNP and with skin temperature kept constant suggest that the electrodermal response was due to a decrease in skin temperature produced by the LBNP. 4. In conclusion, these findings challenge the concept that the cutaneous circulation participates importantly in the peripheral circulatory adjustments to unloading of cardiopulmonary afferents during orthostatic stress in humans. During nonhypotensive LBNP, the skeletal muscle constriction in the calf.

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Competition between cutaneous vasodilator and vasoconstrictor reflexes in man.

Cited by 94 publications

References 0 publications

Cardiovascular Adjustments to Gravitational Stress

Cardiovascular Adjustments to Gravitational Stress

Limb-specific differences in the skin vascular responsiveness to adrenergic agonists

Increase of sympathetic discharge to skeletal muscle but not to skin during mild lower body negative pressure in humans.

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