Competition and representation during memory retrieval: Roles of the  prefrontal cortex and the posterior parietal cortex

Sohn, Myeong Ho; Goode, Adam; Stenger, V. Andrew; Carter, Cameron S.; Anderson, John R.

doi:10.1073/pnas.0832374100

Cited by 78 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Previous studies have demonstrated that the posterior part of the inferior frontal sulcus is implicated in inhibitory control during set shifting͞task switching (13,14,(16)(17)(18)(19)39) and during other inhibitory situations such as the go͞no-go (32-36), Stroop (40), and controlled retrieval tasks (41)(42)(43)(44). The region of interest analysis in the present work also showed that, besides the left anterior prefrontal region, the release trials also involved the posterior inferior prefrontal region.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Neural mechanism in anterior prefrontal cortex for inhibition of prolonged set interference

Konishi

Chikazoe

Jimura

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Once one cognitive set dominates our behavior, it continues to influence subsequent behavior for a while even after a task to be performed is changed to another. Despite abundant knowledge of the inhibitory mechanisms that are recruited at the first trial after the change (the first inhibition trial), little is known about the inhibition of prolonged proactive interference from a previous set that lingers for several trials after the first inhibition trial. The present functional MRI study explored the neural mechanisms for inhibition of a previous set that were recruited after the first inhibition trial. A modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test was used where ''dual-match stimuli'' were intermittently presented and allowed subjects to perform correctly based on previously appropriate, now inappropriate, responses. In response to the dualmatch stimulus at ''release'' trials presented after the first inhibition trials, the subjects were transiently exempted from inhibiting the prolonged previous set. As expected from the exempted inhibitory demands, significant reaction time decrease was revealed in the release trials. Consistent with the behavioral results, transient signal decrease time-locked to the release trials was revealed in the left anterior part of the superior frontal sulcus. Moreover, the anterior prefrontal region was not sensitive to the task change, which exhibited a marked contrast to the left posterior inferior prefrontal region that showed significant signal changes in both events. These results revealed multiple inhibitory mechanisms in the lateral prefrontal cortex that are recruited in different temporal contexts of the interference from a previous cognitive set.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Neural mechanism in anterior prefrontal cortex for inhibition of prolonged set interference

Konishi

Chikazoe

Jimura

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Two a priori regions of interest, the ACC and lPFC, were defined on the basis of previous studies of mathematical problem solving and memory retrieval (7,8,9). Each region was 5 voxels wide, 5 long, and 4 high, for a total of 100 voxels per region.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Problem complexity involves the number of mathematical steps necessary to solve a problem and is not correlated with response conflicts. In an episodic memoryretrieval study, both ACC and lPFC activations increased when the target information was weakly associated with a memory probe (9). The weak association requires a relatively greater amount of cognitive effort for the association to be available to consciousness.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The evidence of ACC involvement in response conflict has been acquired in experimental manipulations in which the conflict was manipulated online with task performance but in which cognitive complexity was not otherwise manipulated (2,4,14). Studies showing effects of cognitive complexity, however, did not directly manipulate response conflict (7,8,9). In the current study, we manipulated both response conflict and cognitive complexity.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Anticipation of conflict monitoring in the anterior cingulate cortex and the prefrontal cortex

Sohn

Albert

Jung

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

144

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The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been suggested as a monitoring center that is responsible for online detection of response conflicts. In this view, the conflict signal detected by the ACC is transmitted to other brain regions, such as the dorsal part of the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC), to increase the level of cognitive control. In this functional MRI (fMRI) study, we examined the conflict resolution that goes beyond online detection of response conflicts. Participants learned pseudoarithmetic problemsolving tasks that involve stimulus-response mapping rules with high or low conflicts. On half of the trials, participants had a preview of the upcoming operator that allowed advance preparation for the mapping rules. The preview significantly reduced the conflict effects on latency. During the preview, both the ACC and lPFC were activated in anticipation of conflict, and this anticipatory activation was highly predictive of the subsequent latency. These results suggest that the ACC and lPFC are responsible for both anticipatory preparation and online adjustment in response to conflicts. The results also confirm the roles of the lPFC and ACC in managing conflict during problem solving and extend these roles to include responding to anticipation of conflicts that may arise between incompatible stimulus-response mappings maintained in working memory during preparation.lateral prefrontal cortex ͉ preparation ͉ problem solving E ffective task execution requires a mixture of bottom-up and top-down control. Although it is preferable to stay focused on the task-relevant information, it is not efficient to constantly rely on executive mechanisms. Executive mechanisms take a substantial toll on working memory to maintain task-relevant information. Moreover, a strict top-down approach impedes flexible responses to unexpected, yet meaningful, events. In contrast, when stimulus-driven processing dominates, the course of action digresses constantly, interfering with goal-directed behavior.Cognitive neuroimaging and neuropsychology studies have consistently shown that the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC), especially its dorsal stream, and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) are critically active when participants are engaged in cognitively demanding tasks. Although there is a consensus that lPFC is responsible for executive functions, such as maintaining and manipulating task-relevant information, the role of the ACC in cognitive control, although generally accepted, is still controversial. Some theories have argued that the ACC detects conflicting response tendencies in the environment, and others have suggested that the ACC may respond to cognitive complexity more generally.The conflict-monitoring model (1) has proposed that the ACC monitors competing response tendencies elicited by stimuli. According to this model, the conflict signal detected by the ACC is transmitted to a high-level control mechanism such as the lPFC, thereby increasing the extent of conscious control (2). The response conflict may arise when th...

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“…The dilemma with brain reorganization 529 resources) Qin et al, 2004;Sohn et al, 2003;Sohn et al, 2005). One important caveat to this discussion regarding practice, learning, and activation in healthy adults is that, whereas PFC activation may diminish, the role of the ACC may increase as performance improves (Fincham & Anderson, 2006).…”

Section: Current Findings In Clinical Imaging Of Wmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroimaging of working memory dysfunction and the dilemma with brain reorganization hypotheses

Hillary

2008

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

102

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There is a growing literature examining working memory deficits using functional imaging and there has been great convergence in the findings, to date, but interpretations have varied. Investigators consistently observed recruitment of neural resources in clinical samples, with some examiners attributing these findings to neural inefficiency and others attributing differences to neural compensation and0or brain reorganization. It is the goal of this paper to address the current interpretation of altered brain activation in clinical imaging studies of working memory dysfunction with specific emphasis on findings in prefrontal cortex (PFC). Throughout this review, the methods used to examine brain reorganization associated with working memory dysfunction are critiqued with the goal of understanding how study design has influenced data interpretation. It is proposed that much of what has been considered "aberrant" neural activity is not indicative of neural compensation, as it has been typically defined, and does not represent brain reorganization. Instead, recruitment of neural resources in PFC can be explained by a natural, and largely overlooked, role of cognitive control in accommodating neural dysfunction secondary to brain injury and disease. This paper provides predictions based on this proposition and a critique of the current methods available for testing these predictions. (JINS, 2008, 14, 526-534.) Keywords: Plasticity, Traumatic brain injury, MS, Working memory, Reorganization, Cognitive control, Prefrontal, Functional magnetic resonance imaging An Alternative to Brain Reorganization HypothesesFunctional imaging techniques afford the unique opportunity to examine the relationships between basic brain changes and the behavioral deficits associated with brain injury and disease. There is a growing functional imaging literature examining the effects of neurological insult on working memory (WM), or the ability to maintain and0or manipulate small amounts of information for brief periods of time. In the functional imaging literature examining WM dysfunction, there has been increasing reference to "neural compensation" and "brain reorganization" to describe the altered (and almost universally increased) neural activation observed when comparing clinical samples to healthy adults. Specifically, the term "compensation" has been used to describe either transient or permanent alterations in neural activity, which operates to facilitate performance. Therefore, in this paper, the term "compensation" will be used to indicate a positive relationship between task performance and brain activation. The term "brain reorganization" has typically been used to indicate that the neural networks associated with WM have been permanently altered because of neurological insult, so that insult induces a "rewiring" of WM networks. Therefore, the primary distinction between "compensation" and "brain reorganization" is that the former may be transient whereas the latter represents permanent changes in the neural networks ...

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Competition and representation during memory retrieval: Roles of the prefrontal cortex and the posterior parietal cortex

Cited by 78 publications

References 37 publications

Neural mechanism in anterior prefrontal cortex for inhibition of prolonged set interference

Neural mechanism in anterior prefrontal cortex for inhibition of prolonged set interference

Anticipation of conflict monitoring in the anterior cingulate cortex and the prefrontal cortex

Neuroimaging of working memory dysfunction and the dilemma with brain reorganization hypotheses

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