Competing vegetation in ponderosa pine plantations: ecology and control

McDonald, Philip M.; Fiddler, Gary O.

doi:10.2737/psw-gtr-113

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The capability of competing vegetation to capture soil moisture and nutrients often exceeds that of young conifer seedlings (McDonald and Fiddler 1989). The vegetation manager often has no choice but to release the plantation from this competition or risk its failure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the effectiveness of chemicals as a means of controlling undesirable vegetation is well recognized (Gjerstad and Glover 1992, McDonald and Fiddler 1989, Stewart and others 1984, grazing is less certain. In the past, damage to conifer regeneration by livestock has caused land managers to be skeptical of grazing forest land (Dutton 1953).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of cattle grazing, seeded grass, and an herbicide on ponderosa pine seedling survival and growth

McDonald¹,

Fiddler²

1999

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On a site of above-average quality in northern California, an early shrub-forb-grass plant community was treated by artificially seeding two forage grass species at plantation age 3, cattle grazing with and without seeded grasses, and applying a soil-active chemical (Velpar). Planted ponderosa pines were part of this community. Results for a 10-year period (1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997) are presented for planted pines, manzanita, other shrubs, forbs, and grasses (natural and seeded). In general, the pines, manzanita, and grasses were numerous and developing well after 10 years, and the other shrubs and forbs were declining in density or foliar cover or both. Velpar was the only treatment that significantly improved pine seedling growth. Grazing did not. The seeded (introduced) grasses, which were heavily grazed, probably reduced damage to the pines. The grasses also helped reduce manzanita foliar cover when grazed. No evidence was found that the introduced grasses served as a biological control in terms of reducing the density of manzanita or other shrubs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of cattle grazing, seeded grass, and an herbicide on ponderosa pine seedling survival and growth

McDonald¹,

Fiddler²

1999

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“…Through natural selection over millions of years, many species of grasses, forbs and shrubs are superbly adapted to dominate in newly disturbed areas (McDonald and Fiddler 1989). Certainly, they are better adapted than pines and firs from nurseries that are placed in an often inhospitable environment, minus at least part of their root systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated vegetation management in California – advances and future

Fiddler¹,

McDonald²

1991

The Forestry Chronicle

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RdsumdA study on alternatives for releasing young conifer plantaUne Ctude sur les moyens de dkgagement des jeunes plantations on National Forests in northern and central California was tions de coniferes des Fortits nationales du nord et du centre started in 1980, and enlarged to include State of California, de la Californie a dCbutC en 1980, et a Ct C Ctendue pour inclure Bureau of Land Management, and private industry lands. Forty les terres de 1'Etat de la Californie, Office de la gestion des studies involving chemical, manual, mechanical, mulch, and terres, ainsi que celles de l'industrie privCe. Quarante Ctudes animal treatments have been established and their effect on the touchant les traitements chirniques, manuels, mkaniques, la mise survival and growth of conifer seedlings is being quantified. Plant en paillis et l'utilisation d'animaux ont Ct C entreprises et leurs diversity and succession on both treated and untreated sites are effets sur la survie et la croissance des semis de coniferes ont being recorded. The oldest study has had 10 growing seasons Ct C quantifiCs. La diversit6 des plantes et leur succession sur since the first treatments were applied. To release conifer seedles sites traitCs et non trait& ont Ct C not& L'Ctude la plus lings, a treatment radius of at least 1.5 meters is required; smaller ancienne comporte dix saisons de croissance depuis que les preradii do not provide enough site resources for acceptable growth. miers traitements ont BC appliquCs. Pour permettre le dCgageDiameter, rather than height, is the best indicator of release. ment des semis de coniferes, un rayan d'intervention d'au moins Some non-phenoxy chemicals show promise for good control 1.5 m est nCcessaire; un rayon plus petit ne permet pas de tirer of competing vegetation. Mechanical release requires additional suffisamment de ressource du milieu pour atteindre une croistreatments to effectively control shrubs. Mulching has given sance acceptable. Le diambtre, plut6t que la hauteur, constitue limited results to date. Manual treatments, if applied to nonle meilleur indicateur du dCgagement. Quelques-uns des produits sprouting and nonrhizomatous plants soon after planting, and chimiques sans phCnol se sont avCrCs intkressants pour le conusually more than once, provide adequate control of competing tr6Ie de la vCgCtation comp6titrice. Le dCgagement mkcanique vegetation, but are costly.nCcessite d'autres traitements pour contr6ler effectivement les arbustes. La mise en paillis a donnC des rCsultats limit& ii ce jour. Les traitements manuels, lorsqtt'appliqub ii des plantes qui ne rejettent pas de souche ou sans rhizome, t8t aprbs plantation, et effectuCs plus d'une fois, constituent un contr6le ad&-quat de la v6gCtation compCtitrice, mais sont coiiteux.

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“…Stocking must be at a rate that will use 60 to 80 percent of current forage production (Fulgham 1985, McDonald andFiddler 1989). Grazing can reduce water stress of seedlings by reducing understory use of soil moisture (Carlson andothers 1994, Doescher andothers 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early spring grazing by livestock on regeneration sites is a key to grass control (Fulgham 1985, Monfore 1983. Controlling livestock so they will not browse the pine seedlings is a critical consideration (McDonald and Fiddler 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grazing on Regeneration Sites Encourages Pine Seedling Growth

Ratliff¹,

Denton²

1995

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Ratliff, Raymond D.; Denton, Renee G. 1995 Effects of season-long, deferred-rotation, and rest-rotation grazing, on ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Doug!. ex Laws.) seedling growth and herbaceous vegetation control were studied in regeneration sites at Boyd Hill, Modoc National Forest, California. Seedlings were planted in 1989. Pine seedling survival and damage did not differ, but the seedlings were significantly taller, with longer leaders with season-long grazing than without grazing. Treatment comparisons for plant group and non-plant percent cover differed only for litter and bare soil, but cover and composition of bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus elY11loides [Raf.] Swezey) were greater without grazing.

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Competing vegetation in ponderosa pine plantations: ecology and control

Cited by 20 publications

References 26 publications

Effect of cattle grazing, seeded grass, and an herbicide on ponderosa pine seedling survival and growth

Effect of cattle grazing, seeded grass, and an herbicide on ponderosa pine seedling survival and growth

Integrated vegetation management in California – advances and future

Grazing on Regeneration Sites Encourages Pine Seedling Growth

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