Competing Claims: Russian Foreign Trade via Arkhangelsk and the Eastern Baltic Ports in the 17th Century

‘Amsterdam is Standing on Norway’ Part II: The Global North Atlantic in the Ecological Revolution of the Long Seventeenth Century

“…Thirty years later, in just a single year (1689), 1.3 million pieces were shipped (Unger 1959, 215). In Russia, the fur trade was quickly eclipsed by naval stores – these latter ‘the most rapidly growing categories of Russian exports’ by the 1690s (Kotilaine 2003, 306) – in exchange for Dutch metalwares and munitions. Indeed, Dutch capitalists moved into coastal Russia to establish the first sawmills, as they had done in Norway a century earlier (Ozveren 2000).…”

“…The eastern Baltic's share of the Sound trade contracted more than half by the 1720s (to 14.4 per cent), and Finland's would rise, ballooning to nearly two‐thirds by this point (Unger 1959, 215; Åström 1975, 1978; Layton 1993, 283). Dutch ships would reach as far north as the northern Dvina (where Archangel would soon develop) by 1578, ousting English competitors, and with renewed vigour in the 1630s (Tossavainen 1994; Kotilaine 2003, 311; Kagarlitsky 2008, 96).…”