“…Scholars and thought leaders have observed the increasing role and influence of algorithms in society, pointing out that they mediate our perception and knowledge of the world as well as affect our chances and opportunities in life [6,8,17,38,54,55,63,76,79]. Further, academics and regulators have long refuted the presumption that algorithms are wholly objective, observing that algorithms can reflect or amplify human or structural bias, or introduce complex biases of their own [4,10,18,[33][34][35]38,46,64]. To raise awareness and illustrate the potential for wide-ranging consequences, researchers and the press have pointed out a number of specific instances of algorithmic unfairness [19,58], for example, in predictive policing [19,43], the online housing marketplace [27,28], online ads [13,17,20,29,82], and image search results [49,64].…”