“…Vocational and applied university education is often built according to the concept of competency-based (or outcome-based) education (Curry and Docherty, 2017;Morcke et al, 2013). Although this concept has not been defined unambiguously, it usually refers to education with two specific elements: (1) it is based on specification of the outcome of the curriculum in terms of competences (Morcke et al, 2013), also referred to as backward design (Davidovitch, 2013;Richards, 2013); (2) the curriculum offers a flexible and individualised approach, in which each student can acquire the predefined competences in the order, method and pace that suit the student best (Curry and Docherty, 2017;Dedovi c and Mu si c, 2017;Morcke et al, 2013). Using this interpretation, traditional education follows a more or less fixed timetable that is not tailored to the individual student and can, but does not have to, be based on backward design.…”