Competencia intercultural profesional en la atención socio-sanitaria a la población gitana en España

Abstract

El Pueblo Gitano es uno de los sectores de las sociedades europeas más afectados por la exclusión social y las desigualdades en salud. En este estudio cualitativo se han analizado las claves para mejorar las competencias interculturales en la atención a la población gitana desde los servicios de salud. Se han realizado 29 entrevistas semiestructuradas a profesionales sociales y sanitarios y 67 a pacientes de etnia gitana. En los resultados se vislumbran dos modelos contrapuestos (modelo de apertura versus modelo de bloqueo), hilvanados en torno a discursos y prácticas como la conciencia intercultural, la mirada integral, las actitudes empáticas, la humanización de la atención, la construcción de alianzas o la proactividad. Las claves para el desarrollo de la competencia intercultural, presentadas en este artículo, pueden ser de utilidad para el diseño de actuaciones formativas y de adaptación intercultural de los recursos.

Professional Perspectives on Children’s Health Assets: A Delphi Study

“…However, in this case, this difficulty is attributed to “culture”, “idiosyncrasy”, and “self-marginalisation”. This shows the persistence in the discourse of the blocking model, which overemphasises the cultural factor and attributes any imbalance or difficulty to culture and supposed ancestral inheritance and customs [ 25 ]. However, there is no consensus on this point, as some participants also reflect the historical discrimination to which the Roma people have been exposed [ 25 ].…”

“…This shows the persistence in the discourse of the blocking model, which overemphasises the cultural factor and attributes any imbalance or difficulty to culture and supposed ancestral inheritance and customs [ 25 ]. However, there is no consensus on this point, as some participants also reflect the historical discrimination to which the Roma people have been exposed [ 25 ]. The “openness model” regarding cultural competence, which implies the awareness of the importance of interculturality, constant questioning, proactivity, bidirectionality, and partnerships with the Roma community [ 25 ], is reflected above all in the proposals for action, which will be discussed in the subsequent section.…”

“…However, there is no consensus on this point, as some participants also reflect the historical discrimination to which the Roma people have been exposed [ 25 ]. The “openness model” regarding cultural competence, which implies the awareness of the importance of interculturality, constant questioning, proactivity, bidirectionality, and partnerships with the Roma community [ 25 ], is reflected above all in the proposals for action, which will be discussed in the subsequent section. Table 3 lists the reasons attributed by the experts participating in the panel for the difficulty of access to healthcare for migrant and Roma children.…”

“…Thus, the experts prioritised work with families and education, including the concept of well-being and health, and collaboration with vulnerable groups and community participation were considered key factors. All of these findings suggest a discourse in line with the model of openness that implies proactivity, outreach to the community and a willingness to change views and to understand and incorporate interculturality [ 25 ]. The participants also proposed actions such as guaranteeing information and access to all sectors of the population , “study and training grants”, and “free early childhood education”, among others.…”

“…They are also the sector of society that perceives the most discriminatory practices in their daily lives. Arza and Rodríguez [ 25 ] identified two professional models towards intercultural competence with the Roma population: an openness model and a blocking model. As for racialisation, it can be defined as a social construct that persists as a strong axis of inequity in the collective imaginary [ 26 ].…”