Compensation for cold-induced thermogenesis during weight loss maintenance and regain

Presby, David M.; Jackman, Matthew R.; Rudolph, Michael C.; Sherk, Vanessa D.; Foright, Rebecca M.; Houck, Julie A.; Johnson, Ginger C.; Orlicky, David J.; Melanson, Edward L.; Higgins, Janine; MacLean, Paul S.

doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00543.2018

Cited by 8 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The half‐life of catecholamines, however, is quite short, meaning the anorexic state recedes quickly after removal of the stimulus. This is demonstrated, as mentioned above, by rodents rapidly decreasing body mass during intermittent CE and regaining it upon return to thermoneutral conditions, creating a daily flux in body weight.…”

Section: Cold Exposure Circulating Appetite‐related Peptides and Thmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Feeding time also increased significantly for rodents in these two studies, as food was made available in ad libitum quantities; therefore, the rodents did not have to forage. A third study also found that intermittent (i.e., part day) CE resulted in increased EE during the exposures, but to a compensatory decrease in EE when returned to room temperature that resulted in no changes in body weight . Exposing mice (C57BL/6J) to intermittent CE 3 days per week also stimulated EI and decreased leptin with exposure times of as little as 4 hours per day but resulted in no changes in body mass.…”

Section: Cold Exposure In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 87%

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Humans in the cold: Regulating energy balance

2019

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For humans to maintain a stable core temperature in cold environments, an increase in energy expenditure (EE) is required. However, little is known about how cold stimulus impacts energy balance as a whole, as energy intake (EI) has been largely overlooked. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding how cold exposure (CE) impacts both EE and EI, while highlighting key gaps and shortcomings in the literature. Animal models clearly reveal that CE produces large increases in EE, while decreasing environmental temperatures results in a significant negative dose-response effect in EI (r=-.787, P<.001), meaning animals eat more as temperature decreases. In humans, multiple methods are used to administer cold stimuli, which result in consistent yet quantitatively small increases in EE. However, only two studies have measured ad libitum food intake in combination with acute CE in humans. Chronic CE (i.e., cold acclimation) studies have been shown to produce minimal changes in body weight, with an average compensation of~126%. Although more studies are required to investigate how cold impacts EI in humans, results presented in this review warrant caution before presenting or considering CE as a potential adjunct to weight loss strategies.

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Section: Cold Exposure Circulating Appetite‐related Peptides and Thmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Cold Exposure In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Humans in the cold: Regulating energy balance

2019

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“…Additionally, exercise training has been shown to potentiate sympathetic signaling after weight loss (10, 44), which may impact total energy expenditure with a bout of overfeeding. However, increasing adipose uncoupling protein 1 expression or activating the sympathetic nervous system does not appear to increase energy expenditure during weight regain (12,30). Regardless, further analyses of these tissues and mechanisms are required to dissect their importance during weight regain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regular exercise potentiates energetically expensive hepatic de novo lipogenesis during early weight regain

Presby

Checkley

Jackman

et al. 2019

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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Exercise is a potent facilitator of long-term weight loss maintenance (WLM), whereby it decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure beyond the cost of the exercise bout. We have previously shown that exercise may amplify energy expenditure through energetically expensive nutrient deposition. Therefore, we investigated the effect of exercise on hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) during WLM and relapse to obesity. Obese rats were calorically restricted with (EX) or without (SED) treadmill exercise (1 h/day, 6 days/wk, 15 m/min) to induce and maintain weight loss. After 6 wk of WLM, subsets of WLM-SED and WLM-EX rats were allowed ad libitum access to food for 1 day to promote relapse (REL). An energy gap-matched group of sedentary, relapsing rats (REL-GM) were provided a diet matched to the positive energy imbalance of the REL-EX rats. During relapse, exercise increased enrichment of hepatic DN-derived lipids and induced hepatic molecular adaptations favoring DNL compared with the gap-matched controls. In the liver, compared with both REL-SED and REL-GM rats, REL-EX rats had lower hepatic expression of genes required for cholesterol biosynthesis; greater hepatic expression of genes that mediate very low-density lipoprotein synthesis and secretion; and greater mRNA expression of Cyp27a1, which encodes an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of bile acids. Altogether, these data provide compelling evidence that the liver has an active role in exercise-mediated potentiation of energy expenditure during early relapse.

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“…For example, there was a significant decrease in white adipose tissue in C57BL/6 mice following sustained cold exposure [ 30 ], but not in rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) [ 31 ]. Furthermore, researchers have observed varying effects in laboratory mice ( Mus musculus ) subjected to intermittent cold, with no change in fat deposits found for one study [ 32 ], and others finding an increase [ 33 , 34 ] or a decrease [ 35 ]. In the wild, small mammals may be exposed more frequently to repetitive or intermittent cold temperatures than to persistent cold temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold exposure prevents fat accumulation in striped hamsters refed a high-fat diet following food restriction

Huo¹,

Bao²,

Cao³

et al. 2022

BMC Zool

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Background In mammals, body mass lost during food restriction is often rapidly regained, and fat is accumulated when ad libitum feeding is resumed. Studies in small cold-acclimated mammals have demonstrated significant mobilization of fat deposits during cold exposure to meet the energy requirements of metabolic thermogenesis. However, no studies to our knowledge have examined the effect of cold exposure on fat accumulation during body mass recovery when refed ad libitum. In this study, striped hamsters restricted to 80% of their regular food intake were then refed ad libitum and exposed to one of three conditions: Intermittent cold temperature (5 °C) for 2 h per day (ICE-2 h/d), intermittent cold temperature (5 °C) for 12 h per day (ICE-12 h/d), or persistent cold exposure (PCE) for four weeks. We measured energy intake, fat deposit mass, serum thyroid hormone levels, and uncoupling protein 1 expression in brown adipose tissue. Results There was no significant effect of intermittent or persistent cold exposure on body mass regain, whereas energy intake increased significantly and total fat deposit decreased in the ICE-12 h/d and PCE groups compared to the ICE-2 h/d group and control group maintained at 23 °C (CON). In the ICE-12 h/d and PCE groups, hamsters had 39.6 and 38.3% higher serum 3,3′,5-triiodothyronine levels, respectively, and 81.6 and 71.3% up-regulated expression of uncoupling protein 1, respectively, in brown adipose tissue compared to their counterparts in the CON group. The rate of mitochondrial state III and state IV respiration O2 consumption and the activity of cytochrome c oxidase in BAT and liver were significantly higher in the ICE-12 h/d and PCE groups than in the ICE-2 h/d and CON groups. Conclusions Our findings suggest thyroid hormone-mediated heat production in brown adipose tissue and liver may be involved in preventing fat accumulation during refeeding in animals frequently or persistently exposed to cold conditions.

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Compensation for cold-induced thermogenesis during weight loss maintenance and regain

Cited by 8 publications

References 54 publications

Humans in the cold: Regulating energy balance

Humans in the cold: Regulating energy balance

Regular exercise potentiates energetically expensive hepatic de novo lipogenesis during early weight regain

Cold exposure prevents fat accumulation in striped hamsters refed a high-fat diet following food restriction

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