Compartmental body composition of cancer patients by measurement of total body nitrogen, potassium, and water

Cohn, S. H.; Gartenhaus, W; Sawitsky, Arthur; Rai, Kanti; Zanzi, I.; Vaswani, A.; Ellis, Kenneth J.; Yasumura, S; Cortés, Ernesto; Vartsky, D.

doi:10.1016/0026-0495(81)90145-1

Cited by 136 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Body composition analysis shows that skeletal muscle is the major site of protein loss in patients with solid (non hematological) tumors. 66 There are also changes in the concentration of plasma amino acids, and most studies report a decrease in gluconeogenic amino acids, in contrast with severe malnutrition, in which the concentration of branched-chain amino acids in plasma is normal or even increased. Protein degradation of amino acid results in the release of amino acids, particularly alanine and glutamine.…”

Section: Effects Of Cachexia On Skeletal Musclementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cancer associated weight loss arises from the loss of equal amounts of muscle and fat and is characterized by increased catabolism of skeletal muscle and decreased protein synthesis. 16 Weight loss can occur during any phase of the disease, and some tumors seem more capable than others of inducing the metabolic changes apparent in cancer cachexia syndrome. In comparison with control groups, patients with malignant disease have been reported to have reduced, normal or elevated energy expenditure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cancer cachexia-anorexia syndrome and skeletal muscle wasting

Jurdana

2009

Radiology and Oncology

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Section: Effects Of Cachexia On Skeletal Musclementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer cachexia-anorexia syndrome and skeletal muscle wasting

Jurdana

2009

Radiology and Oncology

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“…In contrast, the implantation of Yoshida AH-130 ascites hepatoma during the last week of rat gestation resulted in normal fetal growth (16). In most studies, the percentage of carcass water was higher in cancer patients (17). The body water content was slightly increased in the WN, WL (6% and 7%, respectively) and pair-fed groups (6% in pfN and 9% in pfL).…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The authors found a similar increase in proteolytic rates in both tumor-bearing pregnant and virgin rats, but in spite of a great reduction in both protein synthesis and degradation in the tumor-bearing groups, these changes were similar to those observed in the control pregnant groups. Cohn et al (17) reported that non-collagen nitrogen represents the cellular mass and during pathological states there is a preferential mobilization of this protein store.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of a leucine-supplemented diet on body composition changes in pregnant rats bearing Walker 256 tumor

Ventrucci

Mello

Marcondes

2001

Braz J Med Biol Res

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Cancer patients present high mobilization of host protein, with a decrease in lean body mass and body fat depletion occurring in parallel to neoplastic growth. Since leucine is one of the principal amino acids used by skeletal muscle for energy, we investigated the changes in body composition of pregnant tumor-bearing rats after a leucinesupplemented diet. Sixty pregnant Wistar rats divided into six groups were fed a normal protein diet (18%, N) or a leucine-supplemented diet (3% L-leucine, L). The pregnant groups were: control (CN), Walker 256 carcinoma-bearing rats (WN), control rats pair-fed with tumor-bearing rats (pfN), leucine-supplemented (CL), leucine-supplemented tumor-bearing (WL), and leucine-supplemented rats pair-fed with tumor-bearing rats (pfL). At the end of pregnancy, all animals were sacrificed and body weight and tumor and fetal weight were determined. The carcasses were then analyzed for water, fat and total, collagen and non-collagen nitrogen content. Carcass weight was reduced in the WN, WL, pfN and pfL groups compared to control. The lean body mass and total carcass nitrogen were reduced in both tumorbearing groups. Despite tumor growth and a decrease in fetal weight, there was a slight decrease in collagen (7%) and non-collagen nitrogen (8%) in the WL group compared with the WN group which showed a decrease of 8 and 12%, respectively. Although the WL group presented severe tumor growth effects, total carcass nitrogen and noncollagen nitrogen were particularly higher in this leucine-supplemented group compared to the WN group. These data suggest that the leucine-supplemented diet had a beneficial effect, probably attenuating body wasting.

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“…Loss of adipose tissue and particularly skeletal muscle mass during the process of cachexia leads to weakness and an increased susceptibility to infection, with a 30% loss in body weight proving fatal (Brennan, 1977). In cancer cachexia weight loss arises equally from muscle and fat, in contrast to starvation, in which case three-quarters of the weight is lost from fat and only a small amount from muscle (Cohn et al, 1981). Thus, for a given degree of weight loss, there is more wasting of muscle in a cancer patient than in a normal subject.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of muscle protein degradation by a tumour factor

Lorite

Cariuk²,

Tisdale³

1997

Br J Cancer

116

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Summary An antigen of apparent molecular weight of 24000, reactive with a murine monoclonal antibody, has been isolated from a cachexia-inducing tumour (MAC 16) and has been shown to initiate muscle protein degradation in vitro using isolated soleus muscle. Administration of this material to female NMRI mice (20 g) produced a pronounced depression in body weight (2.72 ± 0.14 g; P<0.005 from control) over a 24 h period. This weight loss was attenuated in mice pretreated with the monoclonal antibody (0.06 + 0.26 g over 24 h) and occurred without a reduction in food and water intake. There was no change in body water composition, and the major contribution to the decrease in body weight was a decrease in the non-fat carcass dry weight (mainly lean body mass). The plasma levels of glucose and most amino acids were also significantly depressed. The decrease in lean body mass was accounted for by an increase (by 50%) in protein degradation and a decrease (by 50%) in protein synthesis in gastrocnemius muscle. Protein degradation was significantly decreased and protein synthesis increased to control values in mice pretreated with the monoclonal antibody. Protein degradation initiated in vitro with the proteolysis-inducing factor was abolished in mice pretreated with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which had been shown to prevent muscle wastage in mice bearing the MAC16 tumour. Protein degradation was associated with a significant elevation of prostaglandin E2 production by isolated soleus muscle, which was inhibited by both the monoclonal antibody and EPA. These results suggest that this material may be the humoral factor mediating changes in skeletal muscle protein homeostasis during the process of cancer cachexia in animals bearing the MAC16 tumour, and could potentially be involved in other cases of cachexia.

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Compartmental body composition of cancer patients by measurement of total body nitrogen, potassium, and water

Cited by 136 publications

References 13 publications

Cancer cachexia-anorexia syndrome and skeletal muscle wasting

Cancer cachexia-anorexia syndrome and skeletal muscle wasting

Effect of a leucine-supplemented diet on body composition changes in pregnant rats bearing Walker 256 tumor

Induction of muscle protein degradation by a tumour factor

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