Comparisons of Genetic Variability and Genome Structure Among Mosquito Strains Selected for Refractoriness to a Malaria Parasite

Abstract

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were used to evaluate Aedes aegypti genome structure and genetic variability within and between substrains selected for different levels of refractoriness to the malaria parasite, Plasmodium gallinaceum. The MOYO-R substrain was previously selected for complete refractoriness and the MOYO-IS substrain for intermediate susceptibility from the Moyo-In-Dry (MOYO) strain by selective inbreeding (F = 0.5). Eighteen mapped RFLP markers were used to provide coverage of the mosquito genome. The two substrains showed reduced genetic diversity compared with the MOYO strain, including significant reductions in mean heterozygosity, number of alleles per locus, and proportion of polymorphic loci. Genetic differentiation between the two substrains was statistically significant, as reflected by differences in allele frequencies. Significant pairwise linkage disequillbrium among the RFLP loci was detected in all three strains, most evidently in the MOYO strain. This is surprising because the RFLP loci examined are separated by large map distances, and therefore linkage disequilibrium should decay to zero after many generations of laboratory culture. Our hypothesis to explain this phenomena is that lack of recombination, or low recombination rates in some regions of the A. aegypti genome, is a result of chromosome inversions. Finally, we used graphical genotyping, wherein whole genome genotypic information for individual mosquitoes is represented in a simple graphic format, to illustrate genome structure and allelic variation within and among the mosquito strains. Our analysis revealed an apparent chromosomal deletion on chromosome 3 for some individuals in the MOYO strain and MOYO-IS substrain.

Introduction. Ecological immunology

“…in mosquitoes or fruitflies (e.g. Ferdig et al 1993;Yan et al 1997;McKean et al 2008). Similar reductions were found after experimental activation of the immune system (high usage costs; reviewed in Schmid-Hempel 2003), e.g.…”

Genetic differentiation between three ecological variants (‘type’, ‘mysorensis’ and ‘intermediate’) of malaria vector Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae)

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The evolution of immune‐related genes from disease carrying mosquitoes: diversity in a peptidoglycan‐ and a thioester‐recognizing protein

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