Comparisons among external resistive loading, drug-induced bronchospasm, and dense gas breathing in cats: Roles of vagal and spinal afferents

Abstract

In anesthetized cats, breathing spontaneously, increase in lung resistance (RL) was induced by either external resistive loads (ERL) or internal loading produced by dense gas breathing (sulfur hexafluoride, SF6) or serotonin (5-HT)-induced bronchoconstriction. The 3 test agents were used in each animal. Arterial blood gases were maintained in the normal range. Ventilatory and cardiovascular responses were studied in 3 groups of animals: intact, vagotomized, or spinalized at C8 level, a condition that preserved diaphragmatic afferents. In intact or spinal animals, ERL as well as SF6 inhalation lengthened the inspiratory and/or the expiratory periods, whereas 5-HT injections elicited rapid shallow breathing. The changes in ventilatory timing with either type of load were not observed in vagotomized cats. In all animals, ERL breathing or 5-HT injections increased the moving-time average of diaphragmatic EMG measured at constant time (Edi 0.1 and 0.5 secs), but this was not observed during SF6 inhalation, a condition in which the magnitude of RL increase was less than in the 2 other situations. The changes in systemic arterial blood pressure and/or cardiac frequency were mostly associated with 5 HT-induced bronchoconstriction. They persisted in spinalized cats, but were not observed or reversed in vagotomized ones. These observations demonstrate that vagal afferents play a major role in the changes in ventilatory timing and cardiovascular function in response to both external or internal moderate resistive loading. The existence of Edi changes in the 3 groups of cats suggests also that diaphragmatic afferents, preserved in both situations, are involved in this response.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging reveals brain regions mediating the response to resistive expiratory loads in humans.

“…Both vagal and diaphragmatic afferents appear to play a crucial function in the integrative response to expiratory loads (35). In contrast, upper airway mechanoreceptors and corresponding afferent projections are not important contributors to the ventilatory response (36).…”

Loading and unloading breathing during exercise: respiratory responses and compensatory mechanisms

“…Sensory afferents from lung and airway could potentially contribute to resistive load compensation. There are studies, suggesting that stimulation of vagal bronchopulmonary afferents are involved in regulating the ventilatory responses to bronchoconstriction [ 11 ], as well as to external and internal (SF 6 -O 2 breathing) resistive loading [ 12 , 13 ]. We showed that substitution of air by He-O 2 or SF 6 -O 2 during exercise was accompanied by immediate changes in the volume-time values of the respiratory cycle, which is possibly related with the pulmonary stretch receptors activity.…”

The Physiological Basis of Respiratory Sensation

“…The bronchopulmonary vagal C fibres are also stimulated by the marked variations in the airway pressure produced by breathing against an expiratory load [10]. An internal load produced by histamine-, serotonine-or cholinergic-induced bronchospasm or dense gas breathing also markedly activates the pulmonary vagal afferents [11,12].…”