Comparison on Human Resource Requirement between Manual and Automated Dispensing Systems

Noparatayaporn, Prapaporn; Sakulbumrungsil, Rungpetch; Thaweethamcharoen, Tanita; Sangseenil, Wunwisa

doi:10.1016/j.vhri.2017.03.007

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In the hybrid study, personnel savings were found of 6.5 hours/day 45. In the centralised model, the ADM system decreased the workload of pharmacy technicians but required more time from pharmacists as a result of the redesigned work process 44. The decentralised study showed reductions in MEs 42.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Safety, time and cost evaluation of automated and semi-automated drug distribution systems in hospitals: a systematic review

et al. 2019

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ObjectivesTo systematically review automated and semi-automated drug distribution systems (DDSs) in hospitals and to evaluate their effectiveness on medication safety, time and costs of medication care.MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE Ovid, Scopus, CINAHL and EMB Reviews covering the period 2005 to May 2016. Studies were included if they (1) concerned technologies used in the drug distribution and administration process in acute care hospitals and (2) reported medication safety, time and cost-related outcomes.ResultsKey outcomes, conclusions and recommendations of the included studies (n=30) were categorised according to the dispensing method: decentralised (n=19 studies), centralised (n=6) or hybrid system (n=5). Patient safety improved (n=27) with automation, and reduction in medication errors was found in all three systems. Centralised and decentralised systems were reported to support clinical pharmacy practice in hospitals. The impact of the medication distribution system on time allocation such as labour time, staffing workload or changes in work process was explored in the majority of studies (n=24). Six studies explored economic outcomes.ConclusionsNo medication distribution system was found to be better than another in terms of outcomes assessed in the studies included in the systematic review. All DDSs improved medication safety and quality of care, mainly by decreasing medication errors. However, many error types still remained—for example, prescribing errors. Centralised and hybrid systems saved more time than a decentralised system. Costs of medication care were reduced in decentralised systems mainly in high-expense units. However, no evidence was shown that implementation of decentralised systems in small units would save costs. More comparable evidence on the benefits and costs of decentralised and hybrid systems should be available. Changes in processes due to a new DDS may create new medication safety risks; to minimise these risks, training and reallocation of staff resources are needed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The later literature search found 848 articles (duplicates not removed), of which four new articles were evaluated more closely. Studies were performed in Denmark (n=2, decentralised system), Thailand (n=1, centralised system) and Brazil (n=1, hybrid system) 42–45. Safety (n=2), time (n=2) and cost-effectiveness (n=2) were studied.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety, time and cost evaluation of automated and semi-automated drug distribution systems in hospitals: a systematic review

et al. 2019

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“…This comes from the critical status of medical supplies in care delivery and the behaviour of all supply chain stakeholders who, in order to prevent inventory shortages, tend to overstock. Overcosts and losses are major (Landry, Beaulieu, and Roy 2016) and therefore there is great potential for improvement through supply chain management (SCM) practices (Nabelsi and Gagnon 2017;Ageron, Benzidia, and Bourlakis 2018). The internal supply chain of hospitals remains the weakest link in hospitals (Landry and Philippe 2004) and the health sector is lagging behind industry as it has not been able to reap the full benefits of SCM due to their slow adoption (McKone-Sweet, Hamilton, and Willis 2005;Toba, Tomasini, and Helio Yang 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated hospital pharmacy supply chain and the evaluation of organisational impacts and costs

Mathy

Pascal

Fizesan

et al. 2020

Supply Chain Forum: An International Journal

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Supply chain digitalisation equipment's raise concerns for hospital decision-makers, especially regarding the cost-efficiency ratio, usually evaluated through health technologies assessments (HTA) at a national level or by return on investment (ROI) calculations by the hospital finance department. Unfortunately, none of the two methods identifies organisational impacts, nor hidden gains and costs, especially those that are related to the internal reallocation of resources as shows the example of automated dispensing systems (ADS) in the central pharmacy of a French hospital with a posteriori analysis from the hospital perspective. The introduction of the ADS caused some hidden costs or gains, which do not generate any financial flow and which are therefore not valued. When they are valued, as we do in this study by including them in the ROI calculation, the results change dramatically: the profitability of the investment goes from negative to positive. Given the importance of hidden gains and costs related to organisational impacts, they should be included in evaluations.

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“…7,13 In short, electronic dispensaries are deployed in hospital units with the expectation of increasing human resource efficiency and increasing the quality of drug distribution systems. 15 To increase safety, some electronic dispensers are susceptible to settings such as use of alerts when detected incomplete dose withdrawal or exchange of medication and disposition of items within the dispensary, leaving away those with a similar name or packaging. 3,14 In addition, the interface between the systems of the electronic dispensary and the hospital contributes to the increase of patient safety.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Evaluation of the Deployment of Electronic Dispenser in Intensive Care Uni

Pizzato¹,

Blatt²,

Lima³

et al. 2019

Rev Bras Farm Hosp Serv Saude

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Introduction: Electronic dispensers of drugs and materials are automated dispensing systems that allow the control and maintenance of decentralized stocks contributing to patient safety. Objective: To describe the process of implantation of an electronic dispensary in an intensive care unit (ICU), to estimate the costs of implantation and time of return of investment, comparing pre and post implantation data. Methodology: data collection regarding cost, consumption and return of medicines and health products (PPS), as well as estimate of the cost of labor before and after the implementation of the dispensary and estimation of the time of return of investment. Results: comparing the pre and post periods, the value of drug consumption and PPS had an average reduction of 5.15% per month. Regarding the return of medicines in monetary terms, the average reduction was 91.49% per month. The return on investment occurs in 20.1 months. Conclusion: the implementation of the electronic dispensary showed a reduction of the items consumed and the return of medicines, contributing to cost reduction. Despite the initial investment cost the dispensary has a short / medium term return on investment.

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Comparison on Human Resource Requirement between Manual and Automated Dispensing Systems

Abstract: The ADM system decreased the workload of pharmacy technicians, whereas it required more time from pharmacists. However, the increased workload of pharmacists was associated with more comprehensive patient care functions, which resulted from the redesigned work process.

Cited by 20 publications

References 5 publications

Safety, time and cost evaluation of automated and semi-automated drug distribution systems in hospitals: a systematic review

Safety, time and cost evaluation of automated and semi-automated drug distribution systems in hospitals: a systematic review

Automated hospital pharmacy supply chain and the evaluation of organisational impacts and costs

Economic Evaluation of the Deployment of Electronic Dispenser in Intensive Care Uni

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