“…In recent years, the combination of LIBS with machine learning methods for detecting malignant tumors has become a hot research topic. [12][13][14][15] Sherbini et al 16 utilized the backpropagation Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to effectively distinguish between 26 malignant liver cancer tissues and 4 normal liver samples, achieving an accuracy rate over 80%. Li et al 17 used the LIBS technique for the diagnostic analysis of pathological sections of cervical cancer tissues and normal cervical tissues.…”