Comparison of Wheat Straw Lignin Preparations - I. Chemical and Spectroscopic Characterizations

Scalbert, Augustin; Monties, Bernard; Guittet, Éric; Lallemand, J. Y.

doi:10.1515/hfsg.1986.40.2.119

Cited by 174 publications

(94 citation statements)

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“…2. The assignments of the most characteristic IR signals have been made in accordance with previous studies (Scalbert et al, 1986;Xiao-An et al, 1989;Fidalgo et al, 1993). The spectra are generally similar, with the most prominent bands corresponding to lignin (1600, 1510, 1460, 1425, 1335 and 1270 cm-').…”

Section: Ir Spectroscopysupporting

confidence: 81%

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Chemical characterization and spectroscopic analysis of the solubilization products from wheat straw produced by Streptomyces strains grown in solid-state fermentation

et al. 1997

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The effects of two extraction procedures on the yield and properties of APPL (acid-precipitable polymeric lignin, or solubilized lignocellulose) produced by four streptomycetes during growth in solid-state fermentation were examined. When APPL was extracted with NaOH (0.1 M) rather than distilled water, y i e Ids increased threefold, with Streptomyces cha ttanoogensis exhibiting maximum solubilization levels [I63 mg product (g straw) '']. Alterations in the characteristics of APPL obtained during extraction with NaOH were detected using cross-polarization and magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) 13C NMR and IR spectroscopy and by GC-MS analysis after CuO oxidation, with the most significant changes detected in the cinnamic acid and lignin moieties. When APPL was extracted with NaOH, ester links between hemicellulose and lignin and between hemicellulose and cinnamic acid were cleaved, resulting in a decrease in the alkyl and carbonyl groups attached to lignin, enabling greater solubilization. Yields of APPL extracted with water were lower, but spectral characterization of this APPL suggested a possible role for actinomycete peroxidases and phenolic acid esterases in lignin solubilization. For industrial solubilization of lignocellulose, a possible role for the application of streptomycetes, or their enzymes, in alkali extraction is suggested as a means of increasing solubilization levels.Keywords : streptomycetes, acid-precipitable polymeric lignin, lignocellulose degradation INTRODUCTIONThere is considerable interest in the biological degradation of lignocellulose in the environment and its potential for industrial application. The biotechnological potential of waste biomass bioconversion has centred upon the biological and chemical treatment of lignocellulosic material to produce a range of products, including ethanol and sugars (Hartley et al., 1987). Also, the transformation of wheat straw during the growth of micro-organisms under solid-state fermentation conditions has been examined for the upgrading of straw to produce pulps and animal feed (for a review see Dart & Betts, 1991). The potential role of lignocellulosedegrading enzymes in the bleaching of pulp for paper has been investigated as an alternative or supplement to chemical bleaching techniques, which cause environmental problems through the release of chlorinecontaining effluents. Among the micro-organisms screened for the production of suitable enzymes, the actinomycetes are a group that have often been selected (Winter et al., 1991;Zhou et al., 1993).Actinomycetes produce a range of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes which act co-operatively in degradation of the lignocellulose complex during primary growth (Ball et al., 1990). The mechanisms involved in this degradation process have not yet been fully elucidated; however, the main role attributed to these micro- organisms is solubilization rather than depolymerization and mineralization of lignin (McCarthy, 1987). The main product of solubilization of wheat straw and other lignocellulosic residues by act...

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Section: Ir Spectroscopysupporting

confidence: 81%

“…3. The assignments of the most prominent NMR signals have been made in accordance with previous studies (Ludemann & Nimz, 1973;Maciel et al, 1985;Scalbert et al, 1986;Almendros et al, 1992). In NMR spectra for APPL extracted from inoculated wheat straw with NaOH, the signal at 31 p.p.m.…”

Section: Solid-state Cpmas 13c Nmrsupporting

confidence: 76%

Chemical characterization and spectroscopic analysis of the solubilization products from wheat straw produced by Streptomyces strains grown in solid-state fermentation

et al. 1997

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“…If hydroxycinnamic acids that accumulated in the brownish tissue were incorporated mainly into lignin via ester bonds, as has been observed in other plants, the hydroxycinnamic acids should be recoverable as benzaldehydes after alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, and signals due to carbon atoms in hydroxycinnamic acids are very simple to detect in NMR spectra (Shimada et al, 1971;Himmelsbach and Barton, 1980;Scalbert et al, 1986;Fernandez et al, 1990;Ralph et al, 1994). However, the yield of benzaldehydes from the brownish tissue was very low compared with that from the control tissue in the analysis by alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation (Table I).…”

Section: Dlscusslonmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…2). Data in the literature for isolated lignin, obtained with the same solvent (DMSO-d,) at a similar temperature, were used for assignment of signals (Himmelsbach and Barton, 1980;Scalbert et al, 1986;Robert, 1992;Pan et al, 1994;Tai et al, 1995;Bernard-Vailhe et al, 1996).…”

Section: C -N M R Analysis Of Mtlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Characterization of Modified Lignin in Transgenic Tobacco Plants in Which the Activity of 4-Coumarate:Coenzyme A Ligase Is Depressed

et al. 1997

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Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum 1.) plants in which the activity of 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase is very low contain a novel lignin in their xylem. Details of changes in hydroxycinnamic acids bound to cell walls and in the structure of the novel lignin were identified by base hydrolysis, alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, pyrolysis-gas chromatography, and '3C-nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. In the brownish tissue of the transgenic plants, the levels of three hydroxycinnamic acids, p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic, which were bound to cell walls, were apparently increased as a result of down-regulation of the expression of the gene for 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase. Some of these hydroxycinnamic acids were linked to cell walls via ester and ether linkages. The accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acids also induced an increase in the leve1 of condensed units in the novel lignin of the brownish tissue. Our data indicate that the behavior of some of the incorporated hydroxycinnamic acids resembles lignin monomers in the brownish tissue, and their accumulation results in dramatic changes in the biosynthesis of lignin in transgenic plants.The deposition of lignin in vascular cell walls is a key step in the differentiation of these cells into the functional elements that participate in the transport of water and in the structural support of plants. The biosynthesis of lignin has been studied extensively and the major enzymes involved in the synthesis of precursors to lignin have been identified (Higuchi, 1985; Lewis and Yamamoto, 1990). In the past decade many genes for enzymes related to the biosynthesis of lignin have been cloned from a variety of plant species, and the expression of these genes at various stages of lignification has been characterized (Sederoff et al., 1994; Whetten and Sederoff, 1995). In several recent studies transgenic plants carrying chimeric genes for the enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis were generated and the altered lignins in these transformants were analyzed (Elkind et al

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“…Accordingly, extraction using an organic alkaline solution can liberate greater amounts of hemicelluloses from the regenerated carbohydrate-enriched residues because the alkali may break some linkages between lignin and polysaccharides, or between lignin and hydroxyl-cinnamic acid, such as p-coumaric and ferulic acids. Acidic moieties, such as carboxylic or phenolic groups ionized in the alkaline solution, might promote solubilisation of the hemicelluloses due to swelling of the cell walls (Scalbert et al 1986). …”

Section: Yield Of the Hemicellulosesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Hemicelluloses Obtained from Partially Delignified Eucalyptus Using Ionic Liquid Pretreatment

Xu¹,

Xu²,

Sun³

2013

BioResources

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Lignocellulosic biomass is a relatively inexpensive and abundant feedstock for biofuel production. The key to unlocking the recalcitrance of lignocelluloses is an effective pretreatment process. A promising new pretreatment method for lignocellulosic biomass is the use of ionic liquids (ILs). In this study, wood flour was partially dissolved in the novel ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acesulfamate ([BMIM]Ace) mixed with different organic solvents (1,4-dioxane, acetone, methanol, DMSO, and DMF) followed by precipitation in water. Hemicelluloses were successfully extracted from the carbohydrate-enriched residues by an alkaline ethanol solvent. Sugar analysis of the hemicellulosic fractions indicated that xylose (63.25-74.85%) was the major sugar component, while small amounts of glucose (4.85-14.40%) and galactose (4.49-7.32%) were also observed. Molecular weights of these fractions varied between 49.330 and 60.760 g/mol as determined by GPC. NMR studies revealed that the hemicelluloses had a backbone of β-(1→4)-linked-Dxylopyranosyl units and were branched mainly through 4-O-methyl-α-Dglucuronic acid. The thermal degradation behavior of the hemicellulosic fractions showed that the most significant degradation occurred between 242 and 300 °C. Chemistry and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; b: State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; *Corresponding author: rcsun3@bjfu.edu.cn Keywords: Pretreatment; Ionic liquid; Hemicelluloses; Characterization Contact information: a: Institute of Biomass INTRODUCTIONToday, the world's fossil fuel-based economy is facing problems and challenges. The depletion of fossil resources and global warming concerns have led to an intensified search for alternative resources to supply modern society. A potential solution to the problem is the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass as an alternative, sustainable energy source. Therefore, extensive research on the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass is currently being undertaken all over the world. In addition to its renewability, it can be used to produce chemicals and biofuels that do not compete with food production (Huber et al. 2006;Lynd et al. 1999). The term "lignocellulosic biomass" is often used to describe the material that composes the plant cell wall and is made up of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. In recent years, hemicelluloses have received greater attention because of their practical applications for bioconversion into fuels and chemicals.Hemicelluloses, the second most abundant constituent of lignocellulosic biomass, are not chemically well-defined compounds, but rather a family of polysaccharides, composed of different five-and six-carbon monosaccharide units (Rubin 2008). In general, hemicelluloses are mainly composed of pentoses (β-D-xylose, α-L-arabinose), PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE bioresources.com Xu et al. (2013). "Ionic liquid pretreatment," BioResources 8(2), 1946-1962. 1947hexoses (β-D-mannos...

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Comparison of Wheat Straw Lignin Preparations - I. Chemical and Spectroscopic Characterizations

Cited by 174 publications

References 31 publications

Chemical characterization and spectroscopic analysis of the solubilization products from wheat straw produced by Streptomyces strains grown in solid-state fermentation

Chemical characterization and spectroscopic analysis of the solubilization products from wheat straw produced by Streptomyces strains grown in solid-state fermentation

Structural Characterization of Modified Lignin in Transgenic Tobacco Plants in Which the Activity of 4-Coumarate:Coenzyme A Ligase Is Depressed

Characterization of Hemicelluloses Obtained from Partially Delignified Eucalyptus Using Ionic Liquid Pretreatment

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