Comparison of Vitamin D Deficiency and Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Obese and Non-obese Children and Adolescents

Abstract

Obesity subjects individuals into metabolic and endocrine disorders. Thus obesity may increase the risk of vitamin D deficiency. This text aims at studying the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in obese children. In a non-randomized case control study on 52 obese children (body mass index (BMI) >95th percentile) aged 4 to 16 years undertaken at the outpatient endocrine clinic of the Children Hospital at Tabriz University between 2009-2011. This study was conducted to compare the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in obese children compared with 57 non obese (BMI < 85th percentile). 109 children including 52 (50.5%) boys and 57 (49.5%) girls were studied. Most of case (76.9%) and control (42.1%) groups suffered from degrees of vitamin D deficiency. There was meaningful statistical difference between two groups considering to vitamin D deficiency and parathyroid hormone (p = 0.001). A negative relations was found between iPTH and vit D level (p < 0.001, r = -0.2), BMI and 25-OH vit D (p < 0.001, r = -0.2). A positive relation was observed between parathyroid hormone and BMI (p = 0.009, r = 0.1). Obese children are at high risk at vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism. BMI appears to be an important risk factor for vitamin D deficiency.

Does Vitamin D3 Have an Impact on Clinical and Biochemical Parameters Related to Third Molar Surgery

“…[29][30][31][32][33] In the worst cases, the hypovitaminosis D causes skeletal consequences such as rickets, in the young, and osteomalachia in the adult. [34][35][36][37] Moreover, it seems to be related to nonskeletal manifestations, as enhanced risk of chronic disease and cancer.…”

Hypovitaminosis D in the Middle East and North Africa

“…As detailed in Table 2 30 , 82 - 91 , 93 , 97 - 104 most studies reported mean 25(OH)D levels in teens or close to 20 ng/ml, thus again revealing a large proportion of apparently healthy children, that is 30–75%, to have 25(OH)D levels below this deemed desirable cut-off.…”

“…Consistent predictors across these studies for lower values were age, albeit with differing findings, some studies showing older age to be a risk factor, 57 , 67 , 69 while others point to younger age, 41 , 42 , 77 female gender in adults 41 , 61 , 63 , 72 , 75 , 82 and children, 83 - 89 winter season, sunlight exposure and veiling, 40 , 41 , 44 , 56 , 60 , 63 , 66 , 75 , 78 , 81 , 90 , 92 except in some studies from gulf countries where summer registers lowest values in studies from the United Arab Emirates, 75 , 77 pollution, 43 low calcium or vitamin D dietary intake, 67 , 77 , 80 , 81 , 90 , 92 and exclusive breast feeding in infants 88 . Other predictors included high BMI and /or increased adiposity, 39 , 60 , 66 - 68 , 72 , 93 and lower SES status or educational level 44 , 60 , 64 , 68 , 80 , 83 .The impact of menopause was not consistent across studies, whereas premenopausal women had higher levels in the study from Saudi Arabia, 67 the opposite was found in UAE 77 Table 1. details studies conducted in adults, Table 2 in children, Table 3 in mothers-neonates, by country, and highlights are underscored here-in.…”

Histochemical examination of the effects of high-dose 1,25(OH)2D3 on bone remodeling in young growing rats

“…1,25(OH) 2 D 3 is widely used as an antiresorptive agent for the management of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in children and adolescents (Ghergherechi et al 2012;Alshamsan and Bin-Abbas 2016;Dura-Trave and Gallinas-Victoriano 2016). Though vitamin D is necessary for basal bone homeostasis, excessive concentrations may be harmful.…”