Comparison of Vibrations and Emissions of Conventional  Jet Fuel with Stressed 100% SPK and Fully Formulated Synthetic Jet Fuel

Khandelwal, Bhupendra; Roy, Sudip; Lord, Charles; Blakey, Simon

doi:10.3390/aerospace1020052

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Researchers have done various studies on the use of alternative fuels in gas turbines, both for military and commercial aviation (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26) . It has also been observed in various studies that there is an advantage in using alternative blends for gas turbines as the use of paraffinic alternative fuels aids in reducing the net carbon footprint, particulate and smoke emissions (27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32) . This can also contribute to improving the local air quality (14,15,(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lobo et al (28) studied the effect of fuels derived from alternative sources on non-volatile particulate matter (PM) emissions. In recent years, studies have presented results on vibrational and noise production while using alternative fuels (29,30,33) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are various studies in the literature regarding the overall environmental impact, global warming potential and the use of alternative fuels in gas turbines (26,(28)(29)(30)(31)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47) . Recent studies by Christie et al (47) and Brem et al (26) show the impact of hydrogen content in the fuel on PM emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of alternative fuels on gaseous and particulate matter (PM) emission performance in an auxiliary power unit (APU)

et al. 2019

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There is a growing interest in the use of alternative fuels in gas turbine engines to reduce emissions. Testing of alternative fuels is expensive when done on a large-scale gas turbine engine. In this study, a re-commissioned small gas turbine auxiliary power unit (APU) has been used to test various blends of Jet A-1, synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK) and diesel with as well as eight other novel fuels. A detailed analysis of performance, gaseous emissions and particulate emissions has been presented in this study. It is observed that aromatic content in general as well as the particular chemical composition of the aromatic compound plays a vital role in particulate emissions generation. SPK fuel shows substantially lower particulate emissions with respect to Jet A. However, not all the species of aromatics negatively impact particulate emissions. Gaseous emissions measured are comparable for all the fuels tested in this study.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of alternative fuels on gaseous and particulate matter (PM) emission performance in an auxiliary power unit (APU)

et al. 2019

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“…Khandelwal et al found that a 100% synthetic kerosene showed more functioning stability in vibration than Jet-A1 and that it had the benefit of reduced emissions (8). They also discussed the possibility of reducing the use of aromatics during operation of the turbine.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of Aircraft Gas Turbine Noise with New Synthetic Fuels and Sound Insulation Materials

Simons

Soloiu

2017

Transportation Research Record

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The need to reduce the sound and vibration characteristics in the aerospace industry is continuously increasing because of the need to meet FAA regulations, to reduce noise pollution, and to improve customer satisfaction. To improve customer satisfaction, aircraft and engine manufacturers must work to control sound and vibration levels so that passengers do not experience discomfort during a flight. Sound and vibration characteristics of a fixed-wing aircraft with jet engines are composed of complex-frequency contents that challenge engineers in the development of quiet engine designs, aerodynamic bodies, and advanced sound-and vibration-attenuating materials. One of the noisiest parts of an aircraft, the gas turbine, was analyzed in this research. In Part 1 of this project, the use of alternative fuels in a gas turbine engine was investigated to determine whether those fuels have negative effects on sound and vibration levels. Three types of fuels were used: Jet A as the reference fuel, natural gas-derived S-8, and coal-derived isoparaffinic kerosene (IPK). The alternative fuels, S-8 and IPK, are Fischer-Tropsch process fuels. Overall sound and vibration characteristics of the alternative fuels presented a similar pattern across the frequency spectrum to those of the reference fuel, with the alternative fuels being slightly quieter. In Part 2, the sound path was treated by introducing sound-absorbing materials and investigating their acoustic performance. A melamine-based foam and soy-based foam were used in this research. Melamine is very lightweight, has excellent thermal endurance, and is hydrophobic. The soy-based foam was selected for its potential application in the aerospace industry to work toward a greener aircraft, in an effort to promote environmental sustainability. The soy-based material reduced the sound level by more than 20 dB(A) and presented better performance than the melamine at high frequencies.Aircraft and jet engine manufacturers are continually working toward greener products by researching emissions, noise pollution, and lighter and stronger materials, while staying conscious about safety and cost savings. This type of research benefits airports and their surrounding communities by reducing air and noise pollution. The goal of this project was to contribute to the aerospace community by conducting research on a gas turbine engine in the aerospace laboratory of the Mechanical Engineering Department at Georgia Southern University.Gas turbine engines used for propulsive thrust on airplanes are among the loudest components during ground and flight operations. The sound and vibration of the engines are transmitted through the engine mount and nacelle structure and into the airplane's cabin. Without proper treatment of the sound and vibration energies, aircraft passengers could be affected and feel unrested after a long flight. The sound and vibration energies can be managed by treating the source (jet engine), the path (acoustic treatment and vibration isolators), or the receiver (passengers...

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“…Aromatics, volume% 2. Aromatics, volume% Sulfur, mercaptan, mass% (Khandelwal et al, 2014) The exact mechanism that leads to the creation of deposits is unknown, but it is widely attributed to the aromatic and heteroatomic species within the fuel (Jain & Sharma, 2011). The combustion and the turbine sections will receive the most impact, and it might cause engine malfunction, and in severe cases, the turbine damage may lead to catastrophic engine failure (Wanyan et al, 2010).…”

Section: Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on the applicability of biofuels in the operation of commercial aircraft

Noh¹

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Comparison of Vibrations and Emissions of Conventional Jet Fuel with Stressed 100% SPK and Fully Formulated Synthetic Jet Fuel

Cited by 19 publications

References 18 publications

The effect of alternative fuels on gaseous and particulate matter (PM) emission performance in an auxiliary power unit (APU)

The effect of alternative fuels on gaseous and particulate matter (PM) emission performance in an auxiliary power unit (APU)

Reduction of Aircraft Gas Turbine Noise with New Synthetic Fuels and Sound Insulation Materials

Investigation on the applicability of biofuels in the operation of commercial aircraft

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