Comparison of various urban distribution systems supporting e-commerce. Point-to-point vs collection-point-based deliveries

Sensitivity Analysis of Emission Models of Parcel Lockers vs. Home Delivery Based on HBEFA

“…Parcel lockers are seen as a solution for failed deliveries [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ], for problems in finding addresses [ 14 ] and for return deliveries [ 14 ]. Parcel lockers also increase the consolidation of deliveries [ 7 , 9 , 12 , 15 , 16 , 17 ], decrease the number of drop-off points [ 16 ], decrease the vehicle kilometer traveled (VKT) [ 14 , 18 , 19 ] and decrease delivery cost [ 8 , 9 , 13 , 20 , 21 ]. From an environmental viewpoint, authors have stated that parcel lockers are more sustainable [ 22 ], and reduce exhaust emissions [ 6 , 8 , 12 , 17 , 23 , 24 ], transport-related noise [ 6 ] and traffic jams [ 6 ].…”

“…However, according to Liu et al [ 4 ], most studies ignore the external effects of picking up a parcel from a CDP. Some authors state that customers are inclined to use non-motorized modes of transport to pick up parcels or the pick-up trip would not increase the distance travelled (e.g., [ 6 , 8 , 19 ]). As shown in Table 1 , almost no published study considers pick-up trips by customers and assumes that first delivery attempts are made to lockers.…”

“…Jiang et al [ 8 ], Carotenuto et al [ 19 ], Saad et al [ 31 ] and a study by the Department of Robotics and Mechatronics at the AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow (Poland) (reported in [ 6 , 7 , 17 , 32 ]) compared the emissions produced by home delivery with delivery to parcel lockers as a first attempt.…”

“…Carotenuto et al [ 19 ] focused on solving a Multi-Depot Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (MDCVRP) and therefore ignored the trips by customers. The simulated CO 2 emissions of delivery to lockers was 21% lower than those resulting from delivery to homes.…”

“…300 to 1000-fold larger). In contrast with Jiang et al [ 8 ] and Carotenuto et al [ 19 ], Saad et al [ 31 ] considered that a delivery vehicle can transport more parcels when delivering to parcel lockers than home delivery due to the reduced delivery time.…”