Comparison of Various Strategies for the Prognosis and Outcomes of Ischaemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Smokers: Complete Revascularisation and Smoking Cessation Produces a Superior Outcome

Smoking aggravates ventricular arrhythmic events in non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy associated with a late gadolinium enhancement in cardiac MRI

“…It has been reported that smoking is associated with poorer outcomes in patients with DCMP 24 , 25 . Additionally, the association between smoking and cardiomyopathy has also been proposed by several animal studies 26 , 27 .…”

Smoking cessation and vascular endothelial function

“…This may be due in part to the difficulty of smoking cessation. From 1998 to 2022, there were 23 studies in which the effects of smoking cessation on endothelial function in smokers were evaluated (Table 1) [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][89][90][91][92][93]. Many studies including our studies have clearly shown that smoking is associated with endothelial dysfunction [42][43][44][45][46][47][48].…”

“…Although 12 of 15 studies in which the effects of smoking cessation on vascular endothelial function was assessed by physiological methods including measurements of FMD and reactive hyperemia index (RHI) showed that smoking cessation improved FMD, RHI or vascular response to vasoactive agents [18,21,22,[25][26][27][28][29][32][33][34][35], three of those 15 studies showed no effects of smoking cessation on FMD or RHI [89][90][91]. In eight studies in which the effects of smoking cessation on endothelial function were assessed by biomarkers [19,20,23,24,30,31,92,93], five studies showed that smoking cessation increased or improved biomarkers for endothelial function including circulating levels of nitrate/nitrite, NO, vvWF, ICAM-1, EPCs and EMPs and activity of eNOS [19,23,24,30,31]. However, three of the eight studies showed no effects of smoking cessation on biomarkers for endothelial function [20,92,93].…”

“… Strulovici-Barel et al [ 93 ] Nicotine replacement 2017 Cigarette smokers with IDC ( n = 153) 24 weeks NO level/eNOS expression/eNOS activity Increased NO level, eNOS expression and eNOS activity. Wang et al [ 30 ] Varenicline/nicotine replacement 2017 Cigarette smokers ( n = 188) 12 weeks Endothelial glycocalyx Restored endothelial glycocalyx. Ikonomidis et al [ 31 ] Nicotine replacement 2019 Healthy cigarette smokers ( n = 100) 12 weeks RHI Improved RHI in the fingertip.…”

“…Smoking as well as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, aging, lack of exercise, excessive salt intake, and menopause are known to induce endothelial dysfunction [7]. Endothelial dysfunction can be improved by appropriate pharmacotherapy [8][9][10][11], replacement therapy [12,13], and lifestyle modifications including aerobic exercise [14,15], body weight reduction [16], decrease in salt intake [17] and smoking cessation [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. The mechanisms by which smoking induces vascular endothelial dysfunction and the effects of smoking cessation on vascular endothelial function will be reviewed.…”