“…Further arm anthropometric indices of arm muscle area (AMA), arm fat area (AFA), and arm area (AA) were calculated according to the following formulas: AMA (cm 2 ) = (MUAC − π TSF) 2 /4 π ; AA (cm 2 ) = π /4 × (MUAC/ π ) 2 ; AFA (cm 2 ) = AA − AMA 6 . For calculating the standard deviation scores ( z scores) for age and gender, we used local reference values for body weight, height/length, BMI, and arm anthropometric indices of healthy children and adolescents reported by a series of anthropometric studies conducted in our country 6–8 . To compare with the local references, we also calculated the BMI z scores of all cases using the World Health Organization (WHO)‐2006 reference values 9 ; BMI z scores obtained with both references were highly correlated ( R = 0.96, P < .001).…”