Comparison of Two Methods for Estimating Body Composition of Bodybuilders

Colville, Bette C.; Heyward, Vivian H.; Sandoval, Wendy M.

doi:10.1519/00124278-198908000-00002

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…There is some evidence that the validity of bioelectric impedance may decrease for obese or very lean individuals, because the equations used to estimate body fat and FFM were derived primarily from participants who had body compositions within normal range. However,bioimpedance studies by Colville,Heyward, and Sandoval (1989) and Hodgdon and Fitzgerald (1987) suggest that true differences in body fat and FFM observed in the present study may have been even greater than observed. The criteria used to separate participants into study groups were set far enough apart that even if small errors occurred in the estimation of body composition it is likely the observed differences in body fat and FFMbetween body builders and weight-matched men are true.…”

Section: Study Limitationscontrasting

confidence: 60%

Effect of Body Composition on Oxygen Uptake during Treadmill Exercise: Body Builders versus Weight-Matched Men

McInnis

Balady

1999

Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport

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Oxygen uptake (VO2) during treadmill exercise is directly related to the speed and grade, as well as the participant's body weight. To determine whether body composition also affects VO2 (ml.kg-1.min-1) during exercise, we studied 14 male body builders (M weight = 99 kg, SD = 7; M height = 180 cm, SD = 8; M body fat = 8%, SD = 3; M fat free mass = 91 kg, SD = 7) and 14 weight-matched men (M weight = 99 kg, SD = 9; M height = 179 cm, SD = 5; M body fat = 24%, SD = 5; M fat free mass = 73 kg, SD = 9). Percentage of body fat, t(13) = 8.185, p < .0001, and fat free mass, t(13) = 5.723, p < .0001, were significantly different between groups. VO2 was measured by respiratory gas analysis at rest and during three different submaximal workrates while walking on the treadmill without using the handrails for support. VO2 was significantly greater for the lean, highly muscular men at rest: 5.6 +/- 1 vs. 4.0 +/- 1 ml.kg-1.min-1, F(1, 26) = 21.185, p < .001; Stage 1: 1.7 mph/10%, 18.5 +/- 2 vs. 16.1 +/- 2 ml.kg-1.min-1, F(1, 26) = 6.002, p < .05; Stage 2: 2.5 mph/12%, 26.6 +/- 3 vs. 23.1 +/- 2 ml.kg-1.min-1, F(1, 26) = 7.991, p < .01; and Stage 3:3.4 mph/14%, 39.3 +/- 5 vs. 33.5 +/- 5 ml.kg-1.min-1, F(1, 26) = 7.682, p< .01, body builders versus weight-matched men, respectively. However, net VO2 (i.e., exercise VO2 - rest VO2) was not significantly different between the two groups at any of the matched exercise stages. The findings from this study indicate that VO2 during weight-bearing exercise performed at the same submaximal workrate is higher for male body builders compared to that measured in weight-matched men and that which is predicted by standard equations. These observed differences in exercise VO2 appear to be due to the higher resting VO2 in highly muscular participants.

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Section: Study Limitationscontrasting

confidence: 60%

Effect of Body Composition on Oxygen Uptake during Treadmill Exercise: Body Builders versus Weight-Matched Men

McInnis

Balady

1999

Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport

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“…Previous research did not always agree in identifying BIA as a valid tool for estimating FM% in a sports context, justifying that bioelectric properties are more informative for FFM-related variables, such as fluids or lean soft tissues [ 35 ]. Furthermore, previous evidence did not report similar findings, showing underestimation [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ] or overestimation of FM% [ 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ] with respect to the reference methods. This lack of agreement can be attributed to the different BIA technologies involved in these investigations, as well as to the poor choice of the predictive equations used [ 9 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Methods over Materials: The Need for Sport-Specific Equations to Accurately Predict Fat Mass Using Bioimpedance Analysis or Anthropometry

et al. 2023

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Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and anthropometry are considered alternatives to well-established reference techniques for assessing body composition. In team sports, the percentage of fat mass (FM%) is one of the most informative parameters, and a wide range of predictive equations allow for its estimation through both BIA and anthropometry. Although it is not clear which of these two techniques is more accurate for estimating FM%, the choice of the predictive equation could be a determining factor. The present study aimed to examine the validity of BIA and anthropometry in estimating FM% with different predictive equations, using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a reference, in a group of futsal players. A total of 67 high-level male futsal players (age 23.7 ± 5.4 years) underwent BIA, anthropometric measurements, and DXA scanning. Four generalized, four athletic, and two sport-specific predictive equations were used for estimating FM% from raw bioelectric and anthropometric parameters. DXA-derived FM% was used as a reference. BIA-based generalized equations overestimated FM% (ranging from 1.13 to 2.69%, p < 0.05), whereas anthropometry-based generalized equations underestimated FM% in the futsal players (ranging from −1.72 to −2.04%, p < 0.05). Compared to DXA, no mean bias (p > 0.05) was observed using the athletic and sport-specific equations. Sport-specific equations allowed for more accurate and precise FM% estimations than did athletic predictive equations, with no trend (ranging from r = −0.217 to 0.235, p > 0.05). Regardless of the instrument, the choice of the equation determines the validity in FM% prediction. In conclusion, BIA and anthropometry can be used interchangeably, allowing for valid FM% estimations, provided that athletic and sport-specific equations are applied.

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“…Similar studies of non-athletes (Eckerson et al 1992) and athletes (Bale 1987) using the RJL systems body analyser also obtained higher fat values compared with the hydrostatic weighing method. The equations used to estimate body composition supplied by the manufacturers of the RLS systems body analyser have resulted in errors, especially in studies of lean athletes (Colville et al 1989;Oppliger et al 1991;Eckerson et al 1992) and non-athletes (Lukashi et al 1986;Van Loan and Mayclin 1987;Ross et al 1989). In the case of athletes, prediction of body fat by the BIA method may result in the linear regression analyses predicting a score that has been adjusted towards to the group mean.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bias and limits of agreement between hydrodensitometry, bioelectrical impedance and skinfold calipers measures of percentage body fat

Williams

Bale

1998

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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Previous research has often used correlations as a statistical method to show agreement; however, this is not a valid use of the statistic. The purpose of this study was to investigate the bias and limits of agreement for three methods of estimating percentage body fat for 117 male and 114 female university athletes: hydrodensitometry (HYD), bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and skinfold calipers (SKF). The mean (SD) percentage body fat for males as assessed by HYD, BIA and SKF methods, respectively, were 13.2 (3.3)%, 14.1, (3.3)% and 13.0 (3.2)%. Female body fat measurements were 22.5 (3.9)%, 23.7 (4.3)% and 23.8 (4.2)%, respectively. Pearson product moment correlations for male and female body fat percentages between the three methods were high, ranging from 0.81 to 0.86 (P < 0.05). However, compared to the criterion measure of body fat percentage (HYD), the magnitude of agreement BIA and SKF revealed a different pattern. The mean absolute difference between HYD and BIA measurements of body fat for males was -0.8 (2.0)% fat, and between HYD and SKF was it was 0.2 (1.7)% fat. The mean absolute difference for females between HYD and BIA was -1.2 (2.5)%; for HYD and SKF it was -1.4 (2.2)%. Compared to the HYD measures for males and females, the BIA and SKF measures were as much as a 3.8% underestimation and a 6.2% overestimation of body fat. This study provides evidence that the strength of a correlation does not indicate agreement between two methods. In future, reliability and validity studies should examine the absolute differences between two variables and calculate limits of agreement around which a practitioner can appreciate the precision of the methodologies.

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Comparison of Two Methods for Estimating Body Composition of Bodybuilders

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of Body Composition on Oxygen Uptake during Treadmill Exercise: Body Builders versus Weight-Matched Men

Effect of Body Composition on Oxygen Uptake during Treadmill Exercise: Body Builders versus Weight-Matched Men

Methods over Materials: The Need for Sport-Specific Equations to Accurately Predict Fat Mass Using Bioimpedance Analysis or Anthropometry

Bias and limits of agreement between hydrodensitometry, bioelectrical impedance and skinfold calipers measures of percentage body fat

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