Comparison of two clinic-based immunoassays with the immunofluorescence antibody test for the field diagnosis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis

Okewole, E. A.; Adejinmi, J.O.

doi:10.1556/amicr.56.2009.2.3

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The lack of morula in the examined samples does not exclude the suspected ehrlichiosis thus the final diagnosis should be supported by serological and molecular tests (Nyindo et al 1980, Pusterla et al 2000. The most commonly used serological tests to diagnose ehrlichiosis are ELISA test and IFAT (the test of indirect immunofluorescence) allowing to find IgM antibodies from the 7 th day after infection and IgG from 14 -15 days after the infection (Waner et al 2000, Okewole andAdejinmi 2009). Recently, commercial tests based on immunochromatographic methods have become available.…”

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confidence: 99%

Monocytic Ehrlichiosis in dogs

Procajło¹,

Em²,

Bladowski³

et al. 2011

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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Ehrlichiosis is the multiorgan infectious disease caused by small, intracellular rickettsias from the genus Ehrlichia. These microorganisms are known as an etiologic factor of infections world wide in humans and in different species of animals. Dog ehrlichiosis can be caused by several species of Ehrlichia attacking different groups of blood cells, but most often an infection by Ehrlichia canis is diagnosed with special relation to monocytes. A vector for E. canis are Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Ixodes ricinus, commonly occurring in Poland. Disease caused by E. canis is known as Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (CME). The disease most often has an asymptomatic course which can, in favourable circumstances, run into acute or chronic forms. The acute form of CME proceeds usually with fever, apathy, weakness and accompanying respiratory symptoms, lameness and disturbances in blood coagulation. In laboratory examinations thrombocytopenia, anemia and leucopenia are ascertained. The chronic form of CME proceeds among gentle, unspecific symptoms which may last even 5 years. The CME diagnosis is difficult and often demands parallel different diagnostic methods. A medicines of choice in the ehrlichiosis treatment are antibiotics from the group of tetracyclines, given at least for 28 days. They are largely efficient during treatment of the acute CME, causing the quick improvement. Instead, in the case of chronic form, answer for treatment can be weak, and cases of resistance to antibiotics ave known.

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confidence: 99%

Monocytic Ehrlichiosis in dogs

Procajło¹,

Em²,

Bladowski³

et al. 2011

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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“…The manufacturer's cut-off value for positive samples was a titre ≥ 1:80. Reported sensitivity and specificity of this test are 96% and 87%, respectively, when compared with the ‘gold standard’ immunofluorescent antibody test for Nigerian strains of E. canis (Okewole & Adejinmi 2009 ). Similarly, sensitivity and specificity for Middle Eastern strains of E. canis are reported at 86% and 98%, respectively, with this ELISA (Harrus et al .…”

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confidence: 99%

Serodetection of <i>Ehrlichia canis</i> amongst dogs in central Namibia

Manyarara¹,

Tubbesing²,

Soni³

et al. 2015

J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.

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Ehrlichia canis is a major pathogen in dogs throughout Africa, yet it has not been reported in Namibia. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of canine ehrlichiosis in central Namibia using the ImmunoComb assay (Biogal, Galed Laboratories). The study included 76 dogs that presented to the Rhino Park Veterinary Clinic in the north-western suburb of Khomasdal, Windhoek, Namibia, as well as 30 stray dogs from the Windhoek branch of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Of the 106 dogs tested, 53.8% were seropositive at titres > 1:80. Dogs that presented with symptoms of E. canis infection had a significantly higher seroprevalence (86.6%) compared with apparently healthy dogs (41.6%) (P = 0.00). Location of habitation was significant (P < 0.017), with a high percentage of dogs exposed to E. canis living in the northern or north-western part of Windhoek. As the first study to serologically establish E. canis as a major pathogen in dogs in central Namibia, it is notable that the highest proportion of seropositive dogs came from low-income areas. Further investigation is necessary to describe the ecology of this important tick-borne pathogen of companion animals in Namibia.

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“…Από τις πολυάριθμες εμπορικές μεθόδους, λίγες έχουν αξιολογηθεί ως προς τη διαγνωστική ευαι-σθησία (ποσοστό θετικού αποτελέσματος σε πληθυ-σμό μολυσμένων σκύλων) και την ειδικότητά τους (ποσοστό αρνητικού αποτελέσματος σε πληθυσμό μη μολυσμένων σκύλων) με καλά σχεδιασμένες μελέ-τες (Waner et al 2000, Harrus et al 2002, Belanger et al 2002, Seaman et al 2004, Ο' Connor et al 2006, Οkewole and Adejinmi, 2009, Hegarty et al 2009. Οι μέθοδοι που χρησιμοπoιούν ως αντιγόνο εκχύλισμα ολόκληρου του μικροοργανισμού (Immunocomb Ehrlichia canis, Biogal, Israel) ή τα ειδικά πεπτίδια p30 και p30-1 της E. canis (Snap 4Dx test kit, IDEXX laboratories, USA), έχουν αξιολογηθεί περισσότερο συστηματικά (Harrus et al 2002).…”

Section: ποια είναι η διαγνωστική αξιοπιστία των εμπορι-κών ορολογικώunclassified

Η κλινική χρησιμότητα των ορολογικών δοκιμών στη μονοκυτταρική ερλιχίωση (Ehrlichia canis) του σκύλου

Mylonakis

Koutinas

Θεοδώρου

et al. 2017

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) is primarily caused by Ehrlichia canis, a member of the genus Ehrlichia (family: Anaplasmataceae). Serology is the most frequently used diagnostic modality in CME. Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) testing remains the “gold standard” for the detection and titration of the E. canis-specific antibodies; in addition, several user-friendly, in-clinic assays have recently gained tremendous popularity due to their practical and cost-effective nature. The latter assays provide mostly qualitative results and have a high diagnostic specificity; however, their sensitivity usually declines when the IFA-titers are lower than 1/320, suggesting a suboptimal performance in acutely infected dogs.Overall, a positive IgG antibody titer indicates past exposure to and infection by Ehrlichia canis or a closely related agent (e.g. E. chaffeensis, E. ewingii), while rarely, true false positives may adversely affect the interpretation. As a rule, a negative IgG antibody titer rules out exposure to E. canis, with the notable exception of the acute CME in which clinical and clinicopathological manifestations may preceed seroconversion which occurs 7-35 days post-infection. The latter problem may be overcome by testing paired serum samples obtained 2-3 weeks apart. Unlike IgG antibodies, IgM titers develop inconsistently in the course of the infection, thus, not justifying their routine measurement for diagnostic purposes. Importantly, IgG antibody titers do not reliably correlate with the duration of infection, the current carrier status, or the presence and severity of clinical disease. Because of the prolonged latent period and the persistent seropositivity following therapy or self-eradication of the infection, clinicians should be well aware that seroreactivity to E. canis, especially in an endemic area, does not unequivocally confirm that the clinical manifestations and the clinicopathological abnormalities are due to E. canis infection. The decision to treat a clinically healthy, seropositive dog may be particularly challenging, especially in endemic areas.A positive or negative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result dictates towards or against treatment, respectively. If PCR is not available, the proper course of action should be decided on a case-by-case basis. The authors suggest treating these dogs if they are thrombocytopenic and/or hyperglobulinemic and no other potential causes of these abnormalities (e.g. pseudothrombocytopenia and/or comorbid conditions) can be demonstrated. The antibody kinetics is quite unpredictable, frequently persisting several months to years following eradication of the organism, which limits the value of serology as a post-treatment monitoring tool. This review article addresses a series of questions pertaining to the interpretation of E. canisspecific serology in the context of the clinical phase of the disease, the antibody kinetics, the sensitivity and specificity of the assays and the prior treatment status. The ultimate goal is to facilitate the clinical decision-making towards the diagnosis and post-treatment monitoring of the CME.

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Comparison of two clinic-based immunoassays with the immunofluorescence antibody test for the field diagnosis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis

Cited by 4 publications

References 14 publications

Monocytic Ehrlichiosis in dogs

Monocytic Ehrlichiosis in dogs

Serodetection of <i>Ehrlichia canis</i> amongst dogs in central Namibia

Η κλινική χρησιμότητα των ορολογικών δοκιμών στη μονοκυτταρική ερλιχίωση (Ehrlichia canis) του σκύλου

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