“…In this study, we removed either full stratum corneum or epidermis, which is more aggressive than convention microdermabrasion, but similar in the level of skin trauma caused by thermal ablation, which has been well tolerated by patients in a number of clinical trials (27,28), and microneedle puncture, which has also been well tolerated in clinical trials (29–31) and is widely self-administered by patients for cosmetic purposes without pain or infection (32). …”