Comparison of Titanium and PEEK Medical Plastic Implant Materials for Their Bacterial Biofilm Formation Properties

Abstract

This study investigated two of the most commonly used CAD–CAM materials for patient-specific reconstruction in craniomaxillofacial surgery. The aim of this study was to access the biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli on titanium and PEEK medical implant materials. Two titanium specimens (titanium grade 2 tooled with a Planmeca CAD–CAM milling device and titanium grade 5 tooled with a computer-aided design direct metal laser sintering device (CAD-DMLS)) and one PEEK specimen tooled with a Planmeca CAD–CAM milling device were studied. Bacterial adhesion on implants was evaluated in two groups (saliva-treated group and non-saliva-treated group) to imitate intraoral and extraoral surgical routes for implant placement. The PEEK medical implant material showed higher bacterial adhesion by S. aureus, S. mutans, and E. coli than titanium grade 2 and titanium grade 5, whereas E. faecalis showed higher adhesion to titanium as compared to PEEK. Saliva contamination of implants also effected bacterial attachment. Salivary coating enhanced biofilm formation by S. aureus, S. mutans, and E. faecalis. In conclusion, our findings imply that regardless of the implant material type or tooling techniques used, salivary coating plays a vital role in bacterial adhesion. In addition, the majority of the bacterial strains showed higher adhesion to PEEK than titanium.

Ion Bombardment-Induced Nanoarchitectonics on Polyetheretherketone Surfaces for Enhanced Nanoporous Bioactive Implants

“…Nanomodified materials can interact with nanoscale cellular components, e.g., cellular receptors that activate intracellular signaling pathways, regulating cell morphology, motility, proliferation, and differentiation. The study of cell adhesion and differentiation depends on the nanotexturing of the implant surface, as exemplified in our results. , PEEK used in orthopedics presents advantages like radiolucency, good processability, wear and corrosion resistance, lower elastic modulus compared to traditional metallic surfaces (>100 GPa) used for these applications, among others. , DPNS is a biocompatible treatment which activates biologically inert material surfaces, such as PEEK, and solves several limitations related to poor cell interaction and integration at the interface of implant surface with living tissue. As a result, cell adhesion and the subsequent differentiation process improve with the aim to induce a faster osseointegration.…”

“…54,55 PEEK used in orthopedics presents advantages like radiolucency, good processability, wear and corrosion resistance, lower elastic modulus compared to traditional metallic surfaces (>100 GPa) used for these applications, among others. 56,57 DPNS is a biocompatible treatment which activates biologically inert material surfaces, such as PEEK, and solves several limitations related to poor cell interaction and integration at the interface of implant surface with living tissue. As a result, cell adhesion and the subsequent differentiation process improve with the aim to induce a faster osseointegration.…”

Customed 3D-printed Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Implant for Secondary Salvage Reconstruction of Mandibular Defects: Case Report and Literature Review

“…Second, compared with titanium, most bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutants, showed higher activity and adherence on the PEEK surface and were more likely to form biofilms. 24,25 Local infection is the most common postoperative complication. Zhang et al 26 reviewed 620 cases of PEEK implants used for cranioplasty.…”

Polyether ether ketone coated with nanohydroxyapatite/graphene oxide composite promotes bioactivity and antibacterial activity at the surface of the material

“…Titanium is the material of choice for the fabrication of dental implants. However, this material has certain limitations such as a Young's modulus mismatch, stress shielding effect, release of toxic metal ions, and radiographic viewing artifacts that interfere with the evaluation of the postoperative healing phase [1,2]. The semicrystalline nature and the molecular rigidity of repeating units renders polyether ether ketone (PEEK) an attractive replacement material for dental implants due to its outstanding mechanical properties [1,3].…”

“…However, this material has certain limitations such as a Young's modulus mismatch, stress shielding effect, release of toxic metal ions, and radiographic viewing artifacts that interfere with the evaluation of the postoperative healing phase [1,2]. The semicrystalline nature and the molecular rigidity of repeating units renders polyether ether ketone (PEEK) an attractive replacement material for dental implants due to its outstanding mechanical properties [1,3]. The elastic modulus of PEEK is close to that of cortical bone which decreases the stress shielding effect around the implant and makes it applicable as a dental or orthopedics implant [4,5].…”