Comparison of tiletamine and zolazepam pharmacokinetics in tigers (Panthera tigris) and leopards (Panthera pardus): Do species differences account for adverse effects in tigers?

Lewis, John; Teale, P.; Webber, Guy; Sear, J. W.; Taylor, Polly

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.041

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted with DEX, KET and NORKET concentration data collected during a very short sampling time period (maximum of 107 minutes). Nonetheless, this situation is similar to the only other study concerning pharmacokinetics of anaesthetic drugs in tigers 24. In fact, due to the harmful behaviours of these animals, it is considered normal in this species to perform blood sampling only when they are chemically immobilised.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…Nonetheless, this situation is similar to the only other study concerning pharmacokinetics of anaesthetic drugs in tigers. 24 In fact, due to the harmful behaviours of these animals, it is considered normal in this species to perform blood sampling only when they are chemically immobilised.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To the authors’ knowledge, data concerning pharmacokinetic studies in tigers are lacking, with only two manuscripts published,24 25 and no data are reported on DEX and KET pharmacokinetics and on the simultaneous use of DEX and KET for chemical restraint. Thus, the primary aims of the study were to determine in captive tigers the pharmacokinetic profiles of DEX, KET and its active metabolite, norketamine (NORKET), following simultaneous intramuscular administration, and to explore variations in DEX and KET disposition and KET metabolisation rate when different immobilisation protocols were adopted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dexmedetomidine and ketamine simultaneous administration in tigers (Panthera tigris): pharmacokinetics and clinical effects

Cesare

Cagnardi

Villa

et al. 2020

Veterinary Record Open

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BackgroundThe study determines the pharmacokinetic profiles of dexmedetomidine (DEX), ketamine (KET) and its active metabolite, norketamine (NORKET), after simultaneous administration. Moreover, the study evaluates the sedative effects of this protocol, its influence on the main physiological variables and the occurrence of adverse effects.MethodsEighteen captive tigers were initially administered with a mixture of DEX (10 µg/kg) and KET (2 mg/kg) by remote intramuscular injection. In case of individual and specific needs, the protocol was modified and tigers could receive general anaesthesia, propofol or additional doses of DEX and KET.ResultsBased on the immobilisation protocol, nine animals were assigned to the standard protocol group and the other nine to the non-standard protocol group. Higher area under the first moment curve (AUMC0-last) and longer mean residence time (MRT0-last) (P<0.05) were observed in the non-standard protocol group for DEX, KET and NORKET, and higher area under the concentration-time curve from administration to the last measurable concentration (AUC0-last) only for KET. The KET metabolisation rate was similar (P=0.296) between groups. No differences between groups were detected in terms of stages of sedation and recoveries. All physiological variables remained within normality ranges during the whole observation period. During the hospitalisation period, no severe adverse reactions and signs of resedation were observed.ConclusionThe simultaneous administration of 10 µg/kg of DEX and 2 mg/kg of KET can be considered an effective protocol for chemical immobilisation of captive tigers, along with dosage adjusments or when other drugs are needed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dexmedetomidine and ketamine simultaneous administration in tigers (Panthera tigris): pharmacokinetics and clinical effects

Cesare

Cagnardi

Villa

et al. 2020

Veterinary Record Open

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“…Recently, Lewis et al. proposed that the dose of Telazol is vital for the residue level in central nervous system and thereby affects the adverse effects exerted on tigers [11]. Analogously, the residue level in uterus is determined by the injected dose of Telazol.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of an HPLC assay for determination of Telazol in pregnant pigs: application to placental transfer study

Zhong

et al. 2017

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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Anesthetics utilized for the immobilization of pregnant mammals are prone to crossing the placental barrier and cause adverse effects to the fetuses. In this study, we develop a facile method employing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the study of Telazol crossing the placental barrier of pregnant pigs. The method mainly relies on the efficient extraction strategy that includes the mobile phase composed of 10 mM ammonium acetate aqueous solution-acetonitrile (1:4, v/v). When the injected dose of Telazol is 10 mg/kg (5 mg/kg of each constituent drug, zolazepem and tiletamine), zolazepam can cross the placental barrier as it is detected in both uterus and umbilical cord with approximately the same content. Conversely, tiletamine is detected in neither uterus nor umbilical cord, indicating the absence of placental transfer of tiletamine. The different absorption rates of the two dosage-equal compounds by pigs are found to be the main cause of their different abilities to cross the placental barrier.

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“…This controversy has not been discussed with scientific analysis of data nor a case reported. At present, scientific literature does not support the contraindication of this anaesthesia combination in tigers, and recent published literature shows that its use has been safe and effective in tigers 2 5 8 10–14. This controversy continues around, limiting its use for more than a decade.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple successful tiletamine‐zolazepam‐xylazine immobilizations in an Amur tiger cub

Mercado¹,

Romano²,

Cueva

et al. 2020

Vet Record Case Reports

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Tiletamine-zolazepam immobilisation use in tigers is controversial and has been associated with neurological diseases, poor recoveries and death. Recent publications show this controversy is unsubstantiated. The multiple use of the tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine (TZ-XZ) combination in a 33-kg Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) cub without adverse reactions is described. The physiological values were not statistically different between anaesthetic events and were comparable with those observed with other protocols. No renal, hepatic or neurological functions were affected during the 10 anaesthetic events over the course of five months. The TZ-XZ (1–1.5 mg/kg + 0.5–1 mg/kg) combination proved to be safe for use in this tiger during repeated immobilisations. The tiger was healthy at the time of the paper’s submission. Further studies with a larger population of animals are encouraged.

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Comparison of tiletamine and zolazepam pharmacokinetics in tigers (Panthera tigris) and leopards (Panthera pardus): Do species differences account for adverse effects in tigers?

Cited by 8 publications

References 8 publications

Dexmedetomidine and ketamine simultaneous administration in tigers (Panthera tigris): pharmacokinetics and clinical effects

Dexmedetomidine and ketamine simultaneous administration in tigers (Panthera tigris): pharmacokinetics and clinical effects

Validation of an HPLC assay for determination of Telazol in pregnant pigs: application to placental transfer study

Multiple successful tiletamine‐zolazepam‐xylazine immobilizations in an Amur tiger cub

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