Comparison of three reconstruction methods based on deconvolution, iterative algorithm and neural network for X-ray fluorescence imaging with coded aperture optics

Abstract

<p>Superimposed images acquired by XRF with coded aperture optics can be recovered successfully iteratively.</p>

Quantitative Comparison of Planar Coded Aperture Imaging Reconstruction Methods

“…Mainly four methods for real-time capable image reconstruction have been proposed within the last few decades. MURA Decoding (also called inverse filtering, or cross-correlation analysis): [3,4,6,18,20,21,30,31,47,48,54], Wiener Filtering [24,34], convolutional Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximization (MLEM) reconstruction [38,39] and data-driven Deep Learning approaches [34,56,57]. Although the standard MLEM algorithm has also been investigated [28,36], it is not considered in this paper, because its reconstruction time of several hours makes it impractical for the application in mobile systems.…”

“…Accurate localization and comprehensible visualization of radioactive source distributions constitutes the essence of nuclear medicine [18,32,37,42,44,52,53], nuclear waste monitoring [15,19,21,50,55] and x-ray fluorescence microscopy [9,34]. When high-energy photons are involved, refractive or reflective camera systems are not realizable due to the negative refraction index or demand expensive manufacturing processes due to the high surface quality for x-ray mirrors.…”

“…[18,30,47] analyzed the use of a coded aperture 𝛾-camera for the localization of sentinel lymph nodes and [38,39] examined the capability of imaging coldspot lesions in cardiac imaging. Other research fields like x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy [34] or nuclear decommissioning [15,21] analyzed the potential use of CAI as well. When the object's longitudinal extension is small in comparison to the camera-object distance, one can assume that all radioactive sources lay within one fixed plane parallel to the detector.…”

A Quartz Crystal Microbalance, Which Tracks Four Overtones in Parallel with a Time Resolution of 10 Milliseconds: Application to Inkjet Printing

“…With a conventional weighing experiment using many droplets, the droplet volume was determined as 165 ± 1 pL [ 43 , 61 ], consistent with the specifications given by the manufacturer [ 60 ]. The mount was attached to a Newport 430 linear stage (Newport, Irvine, CA, USA) with two home-built parts (3D-printed from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, ABS) [ 42 ]. The cartridge was controlled from an Arduino Uno Rev3 (Arduino, New York, NY, USA) and an InkShield board, supplied by N.C. Lewis (Nerd Creation Lab, Everett, WA, USA) [ 62 ].…”

“…The micro deposits out of standard solutions all have a similar shape [ 40 ]. For that reason, they can be used to investigate the physical interactions of X-rays with the residues (which includes absorption effects in total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis (TXRF) [ 41 ]) and the performance of novel optics [ 42 ]. With known concentration ratios of elements, matrix-free relative sensitivities of a TXRF device were determined in Reference [ 43 ].…”