Comparison of Three Methods for Estimating Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure among Children Aged between 12 and 36 Months

Nafstad, Per; Botten, Grete; Hagen, J. A.; Zahlsen, Kolbjørn; Nilsen, Odd G.; Silsand, Terje; Kongerud, Johny

doi:10.1093/ije/24.1.88

Cited by 69 publications

(62 citation statements)

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“…Several studies indicate that hair nicotine concentration is a useful biomarker of longer term smoke exposure (Al-Delaimy et al, 2002;Eliopoulos et al, 1996;Nafstad et al, 1995;Pichini et al, 1997b). With a rate of hair growth of about 1.1 cm/month (Uematsu, 1993), a small amount of hair (2-3 cm) from the scalp can potentially represent exposure to SHS over 2-3 months.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With a rate of hair growth of about 1.1 cm/month (Uematsu, 1993), a small amount of hair (2-3 cm) from the scalp can potentially represent exposure to SHS over 2-3 months. In addition, hair nicotine has shown better ability to discriminate exposure status when compared with urinary cotinine (Al-Delaimy et al, 2002;Nafstad et al, 1995). Al-delaimy et al reported that hair nicotine concentrations in a sample of children were more strongly associated with categories of smoking within a household (no smokers, smoking only outside the house, and smoking inside the house) than urinary cotinine concentrations (Al-Delaimy et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Method validation for measurement of hair nicotine level in nonsmokers

Kim

Wipfli

Ávila-Tang

et al. 2008

Biomedical Chromatography

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The development of strategies to address the growing worldwide burden of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) would be facilitated by sensitive and accurate methods for assessing SHS exposure. Hair provides a readily available matrix for assessing biomarkers of typical SHS exposure. We developed and applied an optimized analytical method using an isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for hair nicotine measurement. The utility of this optimized method is illustrated by presenting data on SHS exposure of women and children from 31 countries. Using this isotope dilution method with spiked samples (3.3 ng/mg), we found that the greatest hair nicotine extraction efficiency was obtained with a 60 min shaking time. In the field study (n = 2400), a positive association was evident between hair nicotine concentrations from nonsmokers and higher numbers of cigarettes smoked per day in a household.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Method validation for measurement of hair nicotine level in nonsmokers

Kim

Wipfli

Ávila-Tang

et al. 2008

Biomedical Chromatography

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“…In recent years, hair nicotine has been used as a biomarker for assessing chronic exposure to ETS and active smoke, as it can cover wide time-windows (Nafstad et al 1995;Jaakkola and Jaakkola, 1997;Jaakkola et al, 2001;Segura et al, 2000). Determination of nicotine in the hair of pregnant women proved useful to obtain information on exposure in the whole gestation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of chronic exposure to cigarette smoke and its change during pregnancy by segmental analysis of maternal hair nicotine

Pichini

Garcı́a-Algar

Muñoz

et al. 2003

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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This study aimed to investigate the association between biomarkers of fetal exposure to smoking during the whole pregnancy, nicotine in maternal and newborns hair samples, and quantitative measurement of smoking intake and exposure evaluated by maternal self-reported questionnaire. Study subjects were 150 mothers and their newborns from a hospital in Barcelona. A questionnaire including smoking habits was completed in the third trimester of pregnancy and on the day of delivery. Nicotine content was measured in two subsequent segments of maternal hair accounting for the first and last months of pregnancy, and in fetal hair. The geometric mean of nicotine concentration in maternal hair discriminated between nonexposition (3.84 and 2.80 ng/mg in distal and proximal hair segment, respectively) and exposition to cigarette smoke during pregnancy (6.06 and 4.30 ng/mg in distal and proximal hair segment, respectively) (Po0.05), and between these two classes and active smoking (14.40 and 11.08 ng/mg in distal and proximal hair segment, respectively). Maternal hair nicotine was able to differentiate levels of exposure to tobacco smoke and levels of intake. Nicotine concentration in hair from newborns did not differentiate between exposure and nonexposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in nonsmoking mothers. Finally, chronic exposure to cigarette smoke during pregnancy, assessed by maternal hair nicotine, correlated negatively with anthropometric parameters of newborns.

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“…Cotinine (a metabolite of nicotine ) in body fluids has been used in many studies for the assessment of ETS (Strachan et al, 1989;Benowitz and Jacob, 1993;Crawford et al, 1994;Haddow et al, 1994;Wang et al, 1997 ) , but its short half -life and the metabolic variability in clearance rates among individuals are some of the disadvantages (Coultas et al, 1990;Idle, 1990;Nelson, 1994 ). Levels of nicotine in hair may be a good alternative indicator for assessment of exposure ( Nafstad et al, 1995;Dimich-Ward et al, 1997;Pichini et al, 1997 ) , with the distinct advantage of reflecting long -term exposure. Each centimeter of hair represents more than 1 month of exposure because hair has a uniform growth rate of 1 0.3 cm /month (Uematsu et al, 1995 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Questionnaire and hair measurement of exposure to tobacco smoke

Al-Delaimy

Crane

Woodward

2000

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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To assess the relation between nicotine and cotinine levels in hair and reported exposure to environmental tobacco smoke ( ETS ) , hair samples from 112 children ( aged 3 months to 10 years ) and 76 of their mothers were analyzed and information on the smoking habits of household adults in the preceding 6 months recorded. It was found that the levels of nicotine in children's hair were related to the number of smokers in the house, and increased with the total number of cigarettes smoked by all household adults ( P < 0.0001 ) . In a multiple regression analysis, mother's smoking was much more a contributor to children's nicotine levels than smoking by the father or other household adults. Cotinine levels were less strongly associated with reported ETS exposure than nicotine. There was a strong correlation between nicotine hair levels in children and mothers ( r s = 0.7, P < 0.0001 ) . However, nicotine levels in the hair of active smokers were not correlated with the reported number of cigarettes they smoked per day. In this population, there was a consistent relation between exposure to ETS ( assessed by questionnaire ) and dose ( as measured by nicotine in hair ) . We conclude that hair nicotine levels rather than hair cotinine levels provide an informative and objective measure of ETS exposure. The number of cigarettes smoked by active smokers may not be an accurate measure of the total nicotine levels in their bodies.

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Comparison of Three Methods for Estimating Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure among Children Aged between 12 and 36 Months

Abstract: Nicotine measurement in hair is a practical and valid method for estimating average ETS exposure in children. An underreporting of ETS exposure was indicated.

Cited by 69 publications

References 0 publications

Method validation for measurement of hair nicotine level in nonsmokers

Method validation for measurement of hair nicotine level in nonsmokers

Assessment of chronic exposure to cigarette smoke and its change during pregnancy by segmental analysis of maternal hair nicotine

Questionnaire and hair measurement of exposure to tobacco smoke

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