Comparison of the toxicity of sintered and unsintered indium-tin oxide particles in murine macrophage and epidermal cells

Abstract

Indium-tin oxide (ITO) is used to produce flat panel displays and several other technology products. Composed of 90% indium oxide (InO) and 10% tin oxide (SnO) by weight, ITO is synthesized under conditions of high heat via a process known as sintering. Indium lung disease, a recently recognized occupational illness, is characterized by pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, fibrosis, and emphysema. Murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) and epidermal (JB6) cells stably transfected with AP-1 to study tumor promoting potential, were used to differentiate between the toxicological profiles of sintered ITO (SITO) and unsintered mixture (UITO). We hypothesized that sintering would play a key role in free radical generation and cytotoxicity. Exposure of cells to both UITO and SITO caused a time and dose dependent decrease of the viability of cells. Intracellular ROS generation was inversely related to the dose of both UITO and SITO, a direct reflection of the decreased number of viable RAW 264.7 and JB6/AP-1 cells observed at higher concentrations. Electron spin resonance showed significantly increased hydroxyl radical (OH) generation in cells exposed to UITO compared to SITO. This is different from LDH release, which showed that SITO caused significantly increased damage to the cell membrane compared to UITO. Lastly, the JB6/AP-1 cell line did not show activation of the AP-1 pathway. Our results highlight both the differences in the mechanisms of cytotoxicity and the consistent adverse effects associated with UITO and SITO exposure.

Anticandidal and In vitro Anti-Proliferative Activity of Sonochemically synthesized Indium Tin Oxide Nanoparticles

“…Sn is reported to possess antimicrobial activities and has been widely used as a promising dopant with oxides like, In 2 O 3 and ZnO, for enhancing the antimicrobial, electrical, optical and structural properties [11][12][13][14] . There are several reports which suggested that ITO possess toxicity action on the cells and organs [15][16][17][18][19][20] . However, the database on deep and persistent toxicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, besides skin or eye irritation and sensitization is very inadequate or even missing.…”

In vitro toxicity assessment of respirable solid surface composite sawing particles

“…While ROS are components of cell signaling and phagocytosis of foreign material under normal physiologic conditions, their overabundance can induce oxidative stress and reduce viability. Particulate-cell interactions have been shown to induce a variety of ROS-mediated damage, including mitochondrial dysfunction (Alshatwi et al, 2013), DNA damage (Nabeshi et al, 2011;Olgun et al, 2017), membrane damage autophagy (Li et al, 2010), apoptosis (Hiura et al, 1999), and genotoxicity (Knaapen et al, 2004). We intend to further investigate this potential mechanism of toxicity in future studies.…”

Metales interesantes de la familia III A: contaminación, toxicocinética y genotoxicidad del galio, indio y talio

“…In vivo, en modelos de hámster y rata, la exposición a compuestos de In como InP, ITO, In 2 O 3 y óxido de indio (IO) generan inflamación pulmonar (Oda 1997, Yamazaki et al 2000, Tanaka et al 2002, Lison et al 2009, Nagano et al 2011a, Badding et al 2015, Jeong et al 2016. Se ha demostrado in vitro que compuestos y nanopartículas de In en forma de ITO, InP, In 2 O 3 e InCl 3 producen liberación de lactato deshidrogenasa (Lison et al 2009, Tabei et al 2016, Ahamed et al 2017, reducen la viabilidad de manera dosis dependiente (Gwinn et al 2013, Gwinn et al 2015, Tabei et al 2016, Afroz et al 2018, Olgun et al 2017) e inducen apoptosis (Bustamante et al 1997, Badding et al 2014, Tsai et al 2020.…”

“…Varios compuestos y nanopartículas de In 3+ aumentan la producción de ERO en líneas celulares (Lin et al 2013, Tabei et al 2016, Tsai et al 2020, entre las que se encuentran COOy •OH (Lison et al 2009, Olgun et al 2017. Uno de los mecanismos descritos es el abatimiento de la actividad de la superóxido dismutasa y disminución los niveles de GSH; donde la adición de antioxidantes (N-acetil-cisteína (NAC)) inhibe la generación excesiva de ERO y atenúa el efecto citotóxico provocado por el metal (Ahamed et al 2017).…”