Comparison of the skin sensitization potential of 3 red and 2 black tattoo inks using interleukin‐18 as a biomarker in a reconstructed human skin model

Bil, Wieneke; Bent, S A S van der; Spiekstra, Sander W.; Nazmi, Kamran; Rustemeyer, Thomas; Gibbs, S.

doi:10.1111/cod.13092

Cited by 32 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Furthermore, an in vitro study showed that tattoo inks were able to cause an inflammatory IL-18 response. 6 In this study, we observed a substantial time span between tattooing and onset of symptoms. Together with the emergence of cross-reactive red tattoo reactions, these findings suggest a delayed type allergic reaction.In our study, we remarkably found that allergic tattoo reactions were mainly present in tattoos localized on the extremities (91%).…”

Section: E384mentioning

confidence: 70%

Red tattoo reactions, a prospective cohort on clinical aspects

Bent

Winter

Wolkerstorfer

et al. 2019

Acad Dermatol Venereol

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underserved areas. In the future, these patients could have the ability to scan their lesions so that a dermatologist can print it out at their respective location. However, even in combination with 3D printing, teledermatology does not allow for the assessment of certain portions of the clinical examination, such as induration and warmth. Although 3D technology is studied and utilized in the dermatologic setting, it is not currently being used for the purposes described herein. Skin cells are routinely 3D printed to treat burns and wounds, but not to create replicas of cutaneous disease for the purpose of medical education or teledermatology measures. This article aims to highlight the incredible potential of 3D scanning and 3D printing in an effort to identify gaps in the current application of this useful technology.

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Section: E384mentioning

confidence: 70%

Red tattoo reactions, a prospective cohort on clinical aspects

Bent

Winter

Wolkerstorfer

et al. 2019

Acad Dermatol Venereol

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“…Pigments used in tattoos are a health concern, including contact allergy as a toxicological endpoint. A comparison of the skin sensitisation potential of three red and two black tattoo inks, using interleukin-18 as a biomarker in a reconstructed human skin model, yielded evidence of inflammatory response triggered by these, and also of a sensitisation potential of two of these [267]. Some pigments contain metals, e.g., as oxide, and thus potentially other metals as contaminants.…”

Section: Clothing Leather and Dyesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contact Allergy—Emerging Allergens and Public Health Impact

Uter

Werfel

Lepoittevin

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Contact allergy (sensitisation) and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) resulting from it have a considerable public health impact. For the present review, all pertinent articles were systematically searched via Medline and Web of Science™; additionally, all available issues of the journals “Contact Dermatitis” and “Dermatitis” were manually searched, covering the years 2018–2019, thereby extending and re-focusing a previous similar review. New allergens, or previously described allergens found in a new exposure context or of other current importance, are described in sections according to substance classes, e.g., metals, preservatives, fragrances. As a common finding in many investigations, a lack of information on product composition has been noted, for instance, regarding a newly described allergen in canvas shoes (dimethylthiocarbamylbenzothiazole sulfide) and, most notably, absence of co-operation from manufacturers of glucose-monitoring devices and insulin pumps, respectively. These latter devices have been shown to cause severe ACD in a considerable number of diabetic patients caused by the liberation of isobornyl acrylate and N,N’-dimethylacrylamide, respectively, as demonstrated by an international collaboration between dermatologists and chemists. Improved and complete ingredient labelling for all types of products, and not just as we have with cosmetics at present (apart from full listing of fragrance substances) in Europe, must be put on the legislative agenda.

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“…Animal testing on the other hand is expensive, controversial due to ethical concerns and the intradermal dosage during tattooing is hard to control. 3D reconstructed skin models are commercially available and already used to investigate the sensitizing properties of tattoo inks (Bil et al 2018 ). Due to its water insolubility, however, tattoo inks can be only suspended in a vector liquid made of manifold substances including solvents, dispersants, preservatives and fragrances.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To include keratinocyte secreted cytokines involved in skin inflammation, we also analyzed IL-1α, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α). IL-18 was included due to its current application as putative biomarker of tattoo-related skin sensitization (Bil et al 2018 ). Our goal was to establish viable TatS that resemble fully healed tattooed human skin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TatS: a novel in vitro tattooed human skin model for improved pigment toxicology research

et al. 2020

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Reports of tattoo-associated risks boosted the interest in tattoo pigment toxicity over the last decades. Nonetheless, the influence of tattoo pigments on skin homeostasis remains largely unknown. In vitro systems are not available to investigate the interactions between pigments and skin. Here, we established TatS, a reconstructed human full-thickness skin model with tattoo pigments incorporated into the dermis. We mixed the most frequently used tattoo pigments carbon black (0.02 mg/ml) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 , 0.4 mg/ml) as well as the organic diazo compound Pigment Orange 13 (0.2 mg/ml) into the dermis. Tissue viability, morphology as well as cytokine release were used to characterize TatS. Effects of tattoo pigments were compared to monolayer cultures of human fibroblasts. The tissue architecture of TatS was comparable to native human skin. The epidermal layer was fully differentiated and the keratinocytes expressed occludin, filaggrin and e-cadherin. Staining of collagen IV confirmed the formation of the basement membrane. Tenascin C was expressed in the dermal layer of fibroblasts. Although transmission electron microscopy revealed the uptake of the tattoo pigments into fibroblasts, neither viability nor cytokine secretion was altered in TatS. In contrast, TiO 2 significantly decreased cell viability and increased interleukin-8 release in fibroblast monolayers. In conclusion, TatS emulates healed tattooed human skin and underlines the advantages of 3D systems over traditional 2D cell culture in tattoo pigment research. TatS is the first skin model that enables to test the effects of pigments in the dermis upon tattooing. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00204-020-02825-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Comparison of the skin sensitization potential of 3 red and 2 black tattoo inks using interleukin‐18 as a biomarker in a reconstructed human skin model

Cited by 32 publications

References 32 publications

Red tattoo reactions, a prospective cohort on clinical aspects

Red tattoo reactions, a prospective cohort on clinical aspects

Contact Allergy—Emerging Allergens and Public Health Impact

TatS: a novel in vitro tattooed human skin model for improved pigment toxicology research

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