Comparison of the Schirmer tear test I values after placement in ventral and dorsal conjunctival fornices in healthy cats

Aftab, Ghazal; Rajaei, Seyed Mehdi; Faghihi, Houman

doi:10.1177/1098612x17733207

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Our results were consistent with the reference range of STT previously reported for the cats 13,23 and were statistically significantly influenced by time of day. The effect of time of day was due to the existence of a daily rhythm of tear production in both experimental conditions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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Hospitalization disrupts the daily rhythm of tear production in cats

Pietro

Tabbì

Falcone

et al. 2022

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Objective:The exposure to constant light during the hospitalization was investigated to verify its influence on the daily rhythmicity of Schirmer tear test I (STT I) in the Felis catus.Animal studied: One group (HG-hospitalized group) was consisted of 10 owned-cats hospitalized to perform a sterilization procedure and was exposed to a 24/0 light/dark (L/D) cycle; the cat control group (CG) was consisted of 10 staffowned cats living in an indoor environment (12/12 L/D cycle). Procedure:The STT I values was performed at 4 h intervals over a 48 h period (starting at 8:00 a.m. on Day 1 and finishing at 8:00 a.m. on Day 3) on the left (LE) and right (RE) eyes into two cat groups. A 35 x 5 mm commercial tear test strip was used to record tear production in millimeters wetting per minute (mm/min).Results: Multivariate for repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a statistically significant effect of time. No difference was found between LE and RE tear production, and between the two experimental conditions. Robust daily rhythmicity was exhibited by the STT I in both eyes during the entire monitoring period in control cats and only during the Day 1 in hospitalized cats.Conclusions: These data are a starting point for evaluating the imbalance of ocular physiology observed in hospitalized cats. Further studies on larger sample size and exposing the animals to various hospitalization procedures are needed to establish whether these alterations are caused by hospitalization procedures or by the light/dark schedules.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…In cats, the influence of age, life stage, sex, breed, neuter, and placement of strips on the normal tear production measured using STT I status has been reported 13,14 . Also, time of day, season, and environmental conditions have been demonstrated to have an influence on the STT I value in horses and dogs 15,16 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hospitalization disrupts the daily rhythm of tear production in cats

Pietro

Tabbì

Falcone

et al. 2022

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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“…10(1): 59-67 reported values in adult New Zealand White rabbits were lower, 9.51 ± 2.62 mmHg (Pereira et al, 2011). In this study, the average STT before drug administration in all cats included in this study was 15.8 ± 6.1 mm/ minute in the right eye and 17.3 ± 5.6 mm/minute in the left eye, which is similar to previously reported values-20.80 ± 2.25 mm/minute (in a range of 14-25 mm/minute) (Aftab et al, 2018). In this study of mixed-breed rabbits, the normal average was STT 9.6 ± 4.3 mm/minute in the right eye and 10.4 ± 3.4 mm/ minute in the left eye.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Changes in intraocular pressure, horizontal pupil diameter, and tear production during the use of topical 1% cyclopentolate in cats and rabbits

Kovaļčuka¹,

Nikolajenko²

2020

Open Vet J.

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Background: Cyclopentolate is not commonly used as mydriatic drug in veterinary medicine because of limited data on the local and systemic effects in animals.Aim: To determine the effects of topical 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride on intraocular pressure (IOP), horizontal pupil diameter (HPD) and tear production in the cat and rabbit’s eye during the first hour and up to 36 hours after treatment.Methods: One drop of 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride was used in the left eye in 10 clinically and ophthalmologically healthy domestic cats and 10 rabbits. IOP and HPD were recorded every 5 minutes during the first hour, then every 2 hours during the following 12-hour period, and at 24 and 36 hours after application. Schirmer tear test (STT) was measured at 30 and 60 minute after treatment, then in same time points as IOP and HPD. Rebound tonometer (TonoVet®) was used to assess IOP, Jameson calliper to measure HPD and STT to determine the tear production.Results: 1% cyclopentolate increased IOP in cats, reaching a maximum (28.1 ± 5.4 mmHg) at T50 and in rabbits at T25 (16.7 ± 1.3 mmHg). Maximal mydriasis in cats was observed at T40 and lasted 24–36 hours, but in rabbits at T25, and returned to pre-treatment values at T10h–T12h. In cats, STT decreased in both eyes 30 minutes after treatment and remained lower throughout the 36-hour period. In rabbits, STT decreased in the treated eye 30 minutes after treatment, but all following STT measurements returned to normal pre-treatment levels.Conclusion: Study showed novel data about the effects of 1% cyclopentolate to IOP, HPD, STT in cats and rabbits. Cyclopentolate in cats caused mydriasis 20–40 minutes after the treatment by increasing IOP, at the same time, pupil diameter reached pre-treatment values 24–36 hours after treatment. In rabbit’s mydriasis occurred faster, 10–25 minutes after treatment without significant IOP increase and mydriasis lasted 10–12 hours. Significant STT decrease was recorded in cats, but more likely were connected to stress factors. This drug could be considered as a therapeuticalalternative in rabbit more than in cats. Keywords: Cyclopentolate, Horizontal pupil diameter, Intraocular pressure, Tear production.

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“…[26]. Results presented in our study were obtained by placing the strip in ventral conjunctival fornix, similar to other studies [26,27], the mean STT value was 20.9±3.2 (range = 14.6-27.3 mm/min).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Normal reference ranges of ocular physiology and sonographic biometry of Latvian Hunting dogs

Kovaļčuka

Mūrniece

2020

Vet World

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Background and Aim: The Latvian Hunting dog is the only national dog breed in Latvia and so far, there are no data on the important ophthalmological data pertaining to clinical tests and ocular biometry. The aim of this study was to improve the ocular examination and to document normal reference ranges of the globe axial length (AXL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), intraocular pressure (IOP), and Schirmer tear test (STT). Materials and Methods: Sixteen Latvian Hunting dogs (32 eyes) of varying age and sex were included in this study. All dogs underwent an ophthalmic examination followed by tear production (STT) and IOP (TonoVet®) measurements. Biometric examination using A-mode ultrasonography was done under topical corneal anesthesia using 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride. The eyes were scanned using A-mode ultrasonography with a 10 MHz transducer by transcorneal approach. The reference values of IOP, STT, AXL, ACD, and LT are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Results: Statistical analysis using the SPSS v.23 and Microsoft Excel 2013 showed no statistically significant differences between the right and left eyes for either of the tests. The mean±SD value of STT and IOP values was 20.9±3.2 mm/min and 17.7±3.2 mmHg, respectively. The mean±SD of the AXL, ACD, and LT obtained by A-mode ultrasound was 2.21±0.1 cm, 0.35±0.1 cm, and 0.42±0.06 cm, respectively. Conclusion: This study documents the normal reference ranges of important ophthalmological clinical tests (IOP and STT) and ocular biometry (AXL, ACD, and LT) in Latvian Hunting dogs.

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Comparison of the Schirmer tear test I values after placement in ventral and dorsal conjunctival fornices in healthy cats

Cited by 6 publications

References 9 publications

Hospitalization disrupts the daily rhythm of tear production in cats

Hospitalization disrupts the daily rhythm of tear production in cats

Changes in intraocular pressure, horizontal pupil diameter, and tear production during the use of topical 1% cyclopentolate in cats and rabbits

Normal reference ranges of ocular physiology and sonographic biometry of Latvian Hunting dogs

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