Comparison of the responses of different recombinant fish type I interferons against betanodavirus infection in grouper

Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy in aquaculture: a review

“…) will likely result in the near future in the improvement in the prophylactic strategies, like the use of preventive administration of interferons at the larval stage (Kuo et al . ) or of ribavirin as antiviral agent (Huang et al . ).…”

“…For these disadvantages, although a variety of vaccinations for NNV have been experienced (Table 4), only one inactivated RGNNV vaccine against NNV of sevenband grouper was commercialized in Japan (Brudeseth et al 2013). Nevertheless, work in progress to better understand the immune mechanisms involved during NNV infection (Carballo et al 2016;Costa & Thompson 2016;Wu et al 2016) will likely result in the near future in the improvement in the prophylactic strategies, like the use of preventive administration of interferons at the larval stage (Kuo et al 2016) or of ribavirin as antiviral agent .…”

Secretory Production of Functional Grouper Type I Interferon from Epinephelus septemfasciatus in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis

“…The degradation of the grouper's natural environment necessitates the rapid development of a grouper aquaculture industry. One of the major challenges in grouper aquaculture is viral infections caused by the red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) [1][2][3][4], which is a non-enveloped icosahedral RNA piscine nodavirus containing two-single-stranded RNA [5,6], resulting in high mortality rates (80-100%) of affected larvae, juveniles, and some adults in >120 species of cultured marine fish worldwide [7][8][9].…”

“…Although various vaccines have been developed, such as formalin-in activated and virus-like particle vaccines [10][11][12][13], it might be relatively difficult to inject the vaccines into grouper larvae and juveniles [14], which are the primary targets of RGNNV infections. Another approach to reduce RGNNV is interferon (IFN) introduction to fish, which was reported to prevent viral infection in vivo and in vitro [3,[15][16][17][18]. IFNs are secretory cytokines in vertebrates involved in the inhibition of virus replication and modulation of immune responses [19].…”

“…For commercial and industrialized purposes, recombinant IFNs from Epinephelus septemfasciatus have been produced and were shown to up-regulate mx expression and provide protection against NNV [15]. The grouper and salmon IFNs could up-regulate Mx gene expression in grouper kidney (GK) cells and show antiviral activities in Malabar grouper larvae infected with NNV [3], and pretreatment of IFN-α2a at 48 h prior to NNV infection could significantly increase the survival rate of zebrafish [24]. However, overexpression of eukaryotic IFNs in E. coli could be challenging as IFNs may not fold properly and precipitate into inclusion bodies during expression [3,25,26].…”